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Preformulation of New Biological Entities
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Riccardo Torosantucci, Vasco Filipe, Jonathan Kingsbury, Atul Saluja, Yatin Gokarn
Hormones are signaling molecules that mediate intercellular communication. Insulin, insulin analogs, and incretin-mimetic drugs are the most well-known hormones and have been among the top-selling biotherapeutics for several decades for the treatment of diabetes. Examples include recombinant human insulins (e.g., Humulin®), rapid-acting insulin analogs (e.g., Apidra®, Humalog®, and Novolog®), long-acting insulin analogs (e.g., Lantus® and Tresiba®), and incretin-mimetic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (Byetta®, Victoza®, and Adlyxin®). Other types of hormones include human chorionic gonadotropin (Ovidrel®) for the treatment of infertility, leptin analog (Myalept®) for the treatment of metabolic disorders, and human growth hormone (e.g., Humatrope®, Genotropin®, and Norditropin®) for replacement therapy. Amino acid modification can extend the half-life of biotherapeutic hormones, as exemplified by the recombinant luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog buserelin acetate (Suprefact®), where the replacement of two glycine residues with t-butyl-D-Ser and ethylamide moieties results in a much longer half-life than the unmodified counterpart.
Imaging flow cytometry for quantification of cellular parameters
Published in Raquel Seruca, Jasjit S. Suri, João M. Sanches, Fluorescence Imaging and Biological Quantification, 2017
Another interesting possibility is the analysis of intercellular communication. Intercellular communication occurs when two cells come together, and involves different steps, which may include cell adhesion, protein reorganization/accumulation at the intercellular contact, activation of signaling pathways, secretion, and signaling termination. Cell–cell contact is mostly studied by imaging, but quantification and automated image analysis is extremely hard as it will be difficult to detect two cells in close contact when many cells are together in the same slide or culture dish. The possibility of running thousands of cells in flow increases the chances of finding cell–cell conjugates that can be further analyzed.
Interfacial Catalysis at Oil/Water Interfaces
Published in Alexander G. Vdlkdv, Interfacial Catalysis, 2002
Many different phospholipids form plasma and organelle membranes in many species and many cell types. Thus, the fundamental structure of each cell is bound by a limiting plasma membrane, which is a protein-carbohydrate modified lipid bilayer. This is so because of the unique property of the lipid molecule: The remarkable stability of a lipid bilayer is due to the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces, which makes the lipid bilayer a thermodynamically favored structure, thereby establishing the lipid bilayer principle of biomembranes [2,4]. This lipid bilayer is the basic structure of the unit membrane surrounding cells and composing the many intracellular organelles. The living cells undertake intercellular communication, which take place across as well as between cell membranes. This usually entails the sending, receiving, and decoding of signals-so-called biosensitivity. These signals are generally electrical and chemical in nature, predicated on the presence of a membrane. Specifically, embedded in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes are ion channels Na+,K+, intracellular Ca2+, etc.) and receptors (growth factors, mgluR/ serpintine, immune, cytokine, etc.); most of these are involved in signal transduction, and a few of which have been incorporated into the lipid bilayer [2,4].
Construction of polysaccharide scaffold-based perfusion bioreactor supporting liver cell aggregates for drug screening
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Lei Cao, Huicun Zhao, Mengyuan Qian, Chuxiao Shao, Yan Zhang, Jun Yang
Intracellular interactions were essential for the maintenance of hepatic functions, this study further evaluated the expression of the intercellular communication junction protein Connexin 32 and the adhesion junction protein E-cadherin of hepatocytes in different groups. As shown in Figure 4B and C, the expression levels of Connexin 32 and E-cadherin were significantly up-regulated in the 3 D dynamic group. Connexin 32 is the main gap junction protein expressed in hepatocytes and plays an important role in regulating liver signal transduction by allowing the passage of small molecular weight solutes (up to 1 kD) directly between neighboring cells [58, 59]. E-cadherin is a member of the intercellular adhesion molecule that regulates cell functions, which is a key molecule for maintaining the survival of primary hepatocytes [60]. Notably, the expression of E-cadherin also contributes to the decision to polarize with hepatic or columnar polarity [61]. It was reported that Connexin 32 and E-cadherin were closely related to the expression of hepatic functions [50]. These results indicated that the perfusion hepatocyte bioreactor was able to induce the formation of the multicellular aggregates by increasing the expressions of E-cadherin and Connexin 32, which subsequently promoted the maintenance of the hepatic functions.
Expression levels of selected cytokines and microRNAs in response to vitamin D supplementation in ultra-marathon runners
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
D. Pastuszak-Lewandoska, D. Domańska-Senderowska, J. Kiszałkiewicz, P. Szmigielska, A. Snochowska, W. Ratkowski, M. Spieszny, T. Klocek, P. Godlewski, P. Cięszczyk, E. Brzeziańska-Lasota, A. V. September, M. J. Laguette
The design of this study, linking the expression levels of mRNAs of several pro-inflammatory factors to inflammatory miRNAs together with the influence of vitamin D supplementation, does not replicate any early work performed in ultra-marathon runners. However, further larger studies are required towards the recognition of the studied cytokines and miRNAs as direct markers of overtraining and adaptation to extreme exercise dose. The origin of the circulating exosomal inflamma-miRs also warrants further investigation. These structures are extracellular vesicles generated by all cell types and play key roles in intercellular communication. It is plausible that they originate from the muscles after the extreme endurance exercise (UM) or immune cells as a result of the strenuous physical activity.
Investigating orthodontic tooth movement: challenges and future directions
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Fiona A. Firth, Rachel Farrar, Mauro Farella
Future cell culture models also need to take intercellular communication between different cell types into account, as signalling mechanisms mediated by cell-to-cell contact are highly likely to be heavily involved in OTM (Kanzaki et al. 2001). Commercially available materials facilitating co-culture of two or more cell types are now available. It has recently been identified that PDL cells in co-culture with osteoblasts produce a different gene expression pattern when mechanically stimulated compared to cultures of the individual strains alone (Shi, Baumert, et al. 2019; Shi, Folwaczny, et al. 2019). A team within the Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago is preparing to investigate the effects of interleukins 17 and 6 on the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in osteoblasts and PDL cells in a co-culture system to provide insight on metabolic bone activity of these cells (Firth et al. 2019).