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Biocompatible and Bioactive Ceramics for Biomedical Applications
Published in Atul Babbar, Ranvijay Kumar, Vikas Dhawan, Nishant Ranjan, Ankit Sharma, Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering, 2023
A biomaterial is a material that interacts with biological structures to diagnose, treat, augment, or replace a bodily muscle, structure, or functionality. Therefore, the characteristics and biocompatibility of biomaterials are significant issues that must be addressed and overcome before introducing a biomaterial to the market or embedding it into a biological system. To improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials, numerous surface treatment procedures have been investigated, including physical and chemical, mechanical, and biologically alterations (John et al., 2015). Bioceramics and bioglasses are biocompatible ceramic materials. Bioceramics are a type and subdivision of biomaterials. Bioceramics are biocompatible in various ways, ranging from inert ceramic oxides to resorbable materials that are expelled by the body after assisting with a repair. As a result, bioceramics are used in many medical applications (Hench, 1993).
Designing Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Zohreh Arabpour, Mansour Youseffi, Chin Fhong Soon, Naznin Sultana, Mohammad Reza Bazgeir, Mozafari Masoud, Farshid Sefat
The chemical and physical optimization of new biomaterials in order to interact with living cells are being studied by many research groups (Khan and Tanaka 2017). Synthetic or hybrid biomaterials should be developed to adapt for living systems or live cells in vitro and in vivo. The selection and design of an appropriate biomaterial is determined by specific application of scaffold. Some of the mechanical properties that are of utmost importance are hardness, plasticity, elasticity, tensile strength and compressibility. For example, ceramics such as hydroxyl apatite (HAp), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are appropriate for bone regeneration (Khan and Tanaka 2017). The scaffold of the bioceramic should mimic mechanical properties of the anatomical location that will be planted and the degradation rate should be consistent with bioactive surface for suitable tissue regeneration. Since the regeneration rates of bone are different for different age groups, this must be taken into consideration when designing scaffolds because the rate of regeneration in older adults is slower than young individuals (O’Brien 2011).
Biomaterials and Material Testing
Published in Paul H. King, Richard C. Fries, Arthur T. Johnson, Design of Biomedical Devices and Systems, 2018
Paul H. King, Richard C. Fries, Arthur T. Johnson
A biomaterial is any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose—either a therapeutic (treat, augment, repair or replace a tissue function of the body) or a diagnostic one. As a science, biomaterials is about 50 years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. A biomaterial is different from a biological material, such as bone, that is produced by a biological system. Additionally, care should be exercised in defining a biomaterial as biocompatible, since it is application-specific. A biomaterial that is biocompatible or suitable for one application may not be biocompatible in another.
Recent advances of polymer based nanosystems in cancer management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chetan Janrao, Shivani Khopade, Akshay Bavaskar, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Aakanchha Jain
The biocompatibility of polymer-based nanosystems mainly depends on the type of polymer used for the preparation of nanosystems. As discussed earlier, several polymers are approved by the regulatory bodies for their biomedical applications. However, certain types of polymers still have major issues with biocompatibility and they may have side effects that are hazardous to health (Figure 6). Therefore, biocompatibility investigation of polymer-based nanosystems needs to be addressed. The biocompatibility of any kind of material indicates its compatibility with the host cells without producing any kind of side effects. Biocompatibility has attained significant attention from scientists between 1940 and 1980 in the aspect of medical implants that exhibited both beneficial and hazardous interactions with the body. The term biocompatibility indicates the capacity of a material to carry out an appropriate host response in a particular condition. From a drug delivery perspective, biocompatibility is the response to the benignity of the relation between material and its biological environment [121–123]. Generally, efficient biocompatibility can be attained if the material interacts with the biological environment without producing immunogenic, toxic, carcinogenic, and thrombogenic responses. For example, PLGA-based nanoparticles or microspheres may cause mild tissue damage whereas the introduction of these NPs into connective tissues having nerves produce a high degree of inflammation [122, 124–126].
Critical review on the impact of EDM process on biomedical materials
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Biomedical materials are biomaterials that are manufactured or processed for designing and application of medical devices or components that are usually intended to be in contact with biological materials inside the body for the long term, for example, prostheses or body implants. Biomedical materials or biomaterials are the substance that can be engineered to interact and show compatibility to the body. In the last few decades, most companies are investing in the improvement of the biomaterial products. As biomedical materials are application-specific, so it is required to analyze their properties accordingly (Fig. 3) .[28]
A review on parameters affecting properties of biomaterial SS 316L
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Biomaterial science consists of elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, material science and tissue engineering. The words ‘biomaterial’ and ‘biocompatibility’ used in biological system to address the material and its properties. Use of biomaterials increasing approximately from half century of existence incorporates aspects of chemistry, biology, medicine and material science. Biomaterial used in medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. Indeed, a balancing definition necessary for understanding the goal of biomaterials is that of ‘biocompatibility’ (Buddy et al. 2004). Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform within a host for specific applications. The response can be local and systematic. Biomaterials can be categorised as man-made material and natural materials. From the beginning of use of biomaterial there are four generation of biomaterials. First generation materials (since 1950s) are ‘ad hoc’ implants and specified by physicians using common and borrowed materials. Basic goal during this time was bio inertness. Most successes were accidental rather than design. Their examples are steel, gold, bone plates, Dacron and parachute cloth vascular implants. Second generation materials (since 1980s) are engineered implants which are developed through collaborations of physicians and engineers. Bioactivity is main goal during this generation. Common examples are titanium alloy for orthopaedic implants, UHMWPE surface for hip joint, heart valve and pacemakers. Third generation materials (since 2000s) are bioengineered materials which aim to regenerate functional tissue. Examples are nano composites, novel blends (synthetic and biopolymers, metals and polymers). Fourth generation biomaterials (since 2005) are biomimetic materials which serve as matrix for cells, participate in biological signalling, and/or deliver proteins and drugs (Mahyudin, Widhiyanto, and Hermawan 2016). Examples are tissue engineered implants designed to regrow rather than replace tissues. Classification of biomaterials given in Figure 1.