China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Systems Neuroscience Approaches to Measure Brain Mechanisms Underlying Resilience—Towards Optimizing Performance
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Martin P. Paulus, Alan N. Simmons, Eric G. Potterat, Karl F. Van Orden, Judith L. Swain
The insula, reviewed by (Augustine 1996, 1985), is a paralimbic structure, which constitutes the invaginated portion of the cerebral cortex, forming the base of the sylvian fissure, and is considered limbic sensory cortex by some investigators (Craig 2003a). A central insular sulcus divides the insula into two portions, the anterior and posterior insula. The anterior insula is strongly connected to different parts of the frontal lobe, whereas the posterior insula is connected to both the parietal and temporal lobes (Ture et al. 1999). The columnar organization of the insular cortex shows a highly organized anterior inferior to posterior superior gradient (for example, see Mesulam and Mufson 1982). Specifically, whereas posterior insular is characterized by a granular cortical architecture, the anterior inferior insula has an agranular columnar organization, that is, it lacks layer 4 granular cells. This type of transition is found in other parts of the brain whenever cortical representations are based on modulatory or selective feedback circuits (Shipp 2005).
Toxicogenic theory
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
Additional evidence for the non-specificity of activation of cortical regions involved in olfactory perception comes from brain-activation studies which employed positron emission tomography (PET), reviewed by Roland (1994). The olfactory pathways start in the olfactory receptor cells located in the nasal mucosa. They are relatively broadly tuned and send the axons to the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. The mitral cells in turn send the axons to several places: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the piriform cortex in the anterior insula in the cerebral cortex. PET studies with normals have shown that olfactory cells, as well as other parts of the limbic and paralimbic cortex, are activated through a variety of vegetative, olfactory, cognitive, and emotional functions. In one unpublished Japanese study by Kawashima (described by Roland, 1994), normal subjects received an injection of vitamin B1 which excites the olfactory cells so that they sense a sulfuric smell. Roland also summarized other studies with normals which had shown that different regions of the insular cortex were activated by various behavioral tasks and processes including rapid eye movement sleep, calculation of prime numbers and memorizing historical dates, tactile learning and tactile recognition of geometric objects, somatosensory discrimination of shapes, and subjects repeating words shown to them. Of particular relevance to EI patients who have a high incidence of panic-like reactions, the anterior part of the insular cortex has been activated in panic-disorder patients with lactate-induced panic attacks (Reiman et al., 1989).
Walk the line
Published in Elizabeth Cotton, Surviving Work in Healthcare, 2017
Mindfulness techniques encourage slower and deeper breathing, which can effectively reduce our heart rates and blood pressure. Research indicates that mindfulness techniques can build our immune systems as well. Neurological research indicates that mindfulness techniques effect the pre-frontal cortex where the left brain became stronger, indicating increased positive mood, and the insula, the part of the brain responsible for feelings of empathy, also becomes more active.
Survey and perspective on social emotions in robotics
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Socially cued emotions are emotions that are caused by interactions with others, such as rejected sadness. Socially cued emotion regulation (SER) involves different brain regions than IER, depending on the social context, SER can involve the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), the medial orbitofrontal cortex (MOFC), the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the amygdala. In particular, the MPFC is related to the mentalizing of oneself and others, and the PCC is related to the attribution of others' emotions. In addition, when emotions are downregulated using mentalization, subjects are shown to have weak emotional responses, less rejection behavior, and less neural activity when they received an unjust offer. This emotional modulation is observed on the insula, which has been found to represent the emotional experience of the viscera.
Bodies in mind: using peripheral psychophysiology to probe emotional and social processes
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Gina M. Grimshaw, Michael C. Philipp
Afferent signals project signals from body to brain. Visceral afferents carry sensory information from the smooth muscle of the internal organs, or viscera – the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and gut (for review, see Jänig 1996). Somatic afferents come from the skin (carrying somatosensory signals of pain, pressure, and heat), and from the skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints (providing position sense; Tassinary et al. 2016). Together, visceral and somatic afferents give rise to interoception, the sense that represents the body’s internal state (Craig 2003; Garfinkel et al. 2016). Visceral afferents allow us to feel a quickening of the pulse or butterflies in the stomach, while the somatic afferents carry important information about threats to body tissues or the social signals in a hug, a kiss, or a lover’s caress. Within the brain, the primary target for interoceptive afferents is the insula, a midline structure that integrates signals from the body with those from other senses. The insula is a central hub in a network that is thought to give rise to the subjective feeling of emotion (Critchley et al. 2004; Pollatos et al. 2007; Craig 2009).