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Metabolism
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Communication between bacterial cells, called quorum sensing, is used for the coordination of gene expression in the cells of a population. When the concentration of cells and produced signaling molecules are increased to some level due to cell aggregation, molecule (inducer) binds with the receptor in the cell are signaled and the transcription of certain genes -is activated, including those for inducer synthesis. Different molecules are used as signals of cell aggregation: peptides in Gram-positive bacteria; autoinducer AI-2 in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; and acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL, Figure 3.6), the most common signaling molecules for Gram-negative bacteria. Quorum sensing signaling molecule: N-acyl homoserine lactone. R varies by chain lengths (4–18 carbon atoms) and some other minor chemical changes.
Acellular Tubular Grafts Constructed from Natural Materials in Vascular Tissue Engineering
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
M.J.W. Koens, A.G. Krasznai, J.A. van der Vliet, T. Hendriks, R.G. Wismans, K.A. Faraj, W.F. Daamen, T.H. van Kuppevelt
The application of PTFE and Dacron in surgical treatment serves the old paradigm of using highly inert materials for implantation purposes. Nowadays, the general idea has shifted to the research fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, where the implant is provided as a so-called scaffold. This scaffold or graft may function as a template to steer and induce tissue-specific regeneration. To this end, a blood vessel scaffold, with or without cells, has to sustain the blood flow’s mechanical forces instantly. Furthermore, it should gradually degrade and subsequently pass on the mechanical loading to newly formed arterial tissue, which in the end should form a new blood vessel (see Figure 15.3).91
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Inducer is a low-molecular-weight compound or a physical agent that is bound by a repressor so as to produce a complex that can no longer bind to the operator; thus, the presence of the inducer turns on the expression of the gene(s) controlled by the operator.
Dental research in New Zealand, past, present, and future
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Jonathan M. Broadbent, Carolina Loch, Richard D. Cannon
Imaging and biofabrication technologies are revolutionising many aspects of healthcare. There are great prospects for the development of novel scanners that can detect early stages of oral defects and disease. Intraoral digital scanning has already transformed the design and manufacture of dental restorations and prostheses. Combining intraoral scanning with 3D-printing has enabled the construction of stents to guide oral surgery. Meanwhile, the ability to induce stem cells to differentiate into various tissue types opens up the possibility of incorporating pluripotent cells from patients into novel scaffolds to enable tissue regeneration in those patients, rather than using abiotic restorations.