China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Immunomodulation is a therapeutic method that regulate the balance of cytokines in the human body by limiting inflammation and controlling immune response or by stimulating the defective immune system. Macrophages are immune cells of the innate immune system. They play an important role in maintaining homeostasis by changing their functions according to tissues. In addition, macrophages are the main source of pro-inflammatory factors (Wijesekara et al., 2011). A variety of cytokines regulate the activation, development, proliferation, killing of natural killer cells (NK cells) and chemotaxis. Raulet’s study showed that interleukin-2 and IL-15 can stimulate the proliferation of NK cells and the secretion of a variety of cytokines (Raulet, 2006). In fact, activated NK cells can secrete soluble cytokines such as IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to enhance the body’s immune response. Some polysaccharides and glycosides obtained from natural sources are considered as biological response regulators, which can enhance various immune responses. They can maintain homeostasis by regulating T/B lymphocytes, NK cells (Figure 4.3), macrophages (Figure 4.4) and complement system (Huang et al., 2019).
Fermentative production and application of marine microbial exopolysaccharides
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Shweta Singh, Anjula Katoch, Rajwinder Kaur, Kulwinder Singh Sran, Bhupender Kumar, Anirban Roy Choudhury
Immunomodulation applies for enhancement or weakening of immune response by altering the antigen–antibody interaction. Successful tissue transplants are possible owing to immunomodulators. Various immune cells, mainly macrophages, are involved in this process of immunomodulation. They do so by altering the function of immune cells (Wijesekara et al. 2011) such as the rate of production of B and T cells, which is increased by a polysaccharide produced by Enteromorpha intestinalis (Xu et al. 2005). Studies suggest that they have a phagocytic effect on mouse macrophages (Yoshizawa et al. 1995). Moreover, some of them are known to enhance immune activity, which controls macrophage production and lessens the side effects (Schepetkin and Quinn 2006). The bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, an isolate of a shallow marine vent of Vulcano Island in Italy, also produces an exopolysaccharide that is known to have immunomodulatory effects (Arena et al. 2009). Other recent examples of polysaccharides possessing immunomodulatory properties include EPSs from Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 (Pérez-Ramos et al. 2018) and Lasiodiplodia sp. strain B2 (Kumar et al. 2018).
Biocompatibility Studies of Materials—An Overview
Published in Savaş Kaya, Sasikumar Yesudass, Srinivasan Arthanari, Sivakumar Bose, Goncagül Serdaroğlu, Materials Development and Processing for Biomedical Applications, 2022
Ananda Babu Sairam, Nacchiappan Annamalai
Developing implants and tissue engineering technologies are improving or restoring diseased organs, but there are still various challenges, inflammation being the major one, and immunomodulation seems to be a possible solution. A type of nanofibrous mesh manufactured using 3D technology with specific surface chemistry using polymers, protein repellents and hydrogel-coated protein repellents serves to induce healing.
Updates in immunocompatibility of biomaterials: applications for regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mahdi Rezaei, Farideh Davani, Mohsen Alishahi, Fatemeh Masjedi
As mentioned, incorporating the immunoregulatory agents into the biomaterials can be beneficial for immunomodulation. Vitamin D is one of the substances that can act as an immunomodulator for biomedical devices [149]. In this respect, Chen et al. prepared to align nanofibers incorporated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to modulate the immune response. Their results showed that the local delivery of vitamin D3 by the nanofibrous scaffolds significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, whereas increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10 after subcutaneous implantation compared to pristine scaffolds [150]. Magnesium (Mg) is a biodegradable metal that possesses high biocompatible properties that can decrease inflammation and immune response, resulting in ameliorating tissue repair. Adhikari et al. fabricated PCL-nanofibers mesh incorporated with Mg metal particles. Results indicated that the addition of Mg particles moderates inflammatory tissue responses and enhances the healing process [151]. Immunomodulation of the nanofibers with the incorporation of the natural product also can be achieved as Zamani et al. investigate the effect of the Emu oil on the immune response of the nanofibers. The results showed that the Emu oil incorporation led to the polarization of the macrophages toward the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype and resulted in a significant reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [152]. In another study, Kazantesva et al. investigated the effect of augmentation of nanofibers with graphene on biocompatibility and inflammation. Their results affirmed that the graphene augmented inorganic nanofibers decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and possessed a strong ability to modulate the immune response [153].