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Immunotherapy and Vaccines
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Johanna Poecheim, Gerrit Borchard
In the course of the adaptive immune response to infection, clones of pathogen-specific B and T cells spread as effector cells. Additionally, long-lived clones of memory T cells that form the immunological memory are produced. Subsequent immune responses to the same pathogen will be faster and stronger, since memory cells are more quickly activated than naive cells. Unlike naive T cells, memory T cells can patrol nonlymphoid tissues, such as mucosae, and detect infection at an earlier stage. The greater power of a secondary immune response supports the generation of vaccine-mediated protection. By applying antigenic structures of the pathogen to the body without inducing the disease, immunological memory is elicited. Additionally, Th1- and Th2-polarizing adjuvants may be introduced to direct the desired immune response (Parham, 2000; Plotkin et al., 2013).
Vaccines
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
Acquired or specific immunity has among others three important properties which are crucial in understanding vaccines and how they function.Antigenic specificity: An antigen is a material usually a protein which binds specifically to an antibody or to T-cell receptor (see below). Great specificity occurs in the antigen-antibody or antigen-T-cell receptor relations. Often, a small difference of a single amino acid can decide whether or not binding to antibody or T-cell will take place.Immunologic memory: Once the acquired immune system has recognized and responded to an antigen, it exhibits immunologic memory: a second encounter with the same antigen induces an increased response.Self/non-self recognition: Specific immunity recognizes foreign bodies in contrast to those of the body and seeks to destroy the intruders. In rare cases, the system of recognition breaks down and the system fails to recognize body cells and proceeds to destroy them, giving rise to autoimmune diseases.
Immune Responses
Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
The adaptive immune response induced by specific antigens recognized by T-cells and B-cells is generally required to eliminate rapidly proliferating or virulent microbial pathogens, and has the added advantage over innate immunity in having immunological memory, which allows prompt reactivation of memory T- and B-cells if reinfection occurs (Seder and Ahmed, 2003; Kalia et al., 2006). CD4+ T-cells become activated when in contact with antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and normally orchestrate the nature of adaptive immunity. T-cells activate B-cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies (Kalia et al., 2006).
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Like all allergic disorders, metal allergy involves two distinctive stages of disease pathogenesis (Nauta et al. 2008). The first phase – sensitization – entails a subclinical cascade of immunological events prompted by an initial exposure, during which, antigen-specific immunological memory is generated. Following the completion of this process, the elicitation phase ensues, wherein subsequent antigen encounters trigger activation of the adaptive immune system and pre-established effector mechanisms intended to neutralize the allergen. These mechanisms mediate the emergence of prototypical allergic signs and symptoms – often the first discernable indication of an individual’s new allergic disposition (Anderson, Siegel, and Meade 2011).
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Langerhans cells (LC) are professional APCs of the epidermis that migrate to lymph nodes and stimulate T lymphocyte responses (Clayton et al. 2017; Quaresma 2019). As a dendritic cell (DC), LC might capture, process, and present antigens to naïve T cells (Klechevsky 2015). During skin sensitization, LC mobilization towards the regional lymph nodes and concomitant maturation (to DCs) are induced and regulated by cutaneous cytokines. Thus, LC process and present the captured antigen on their surface associated with MHC molecules. This complex may be subsequently recognized by naïve T cells, thus instigating clonal expansion of antigen‐specific T lymphocytes and enabling development of cellular immunological memory (Divkovic et al. 2005).
A human whole-blood model to study the activation of innate immunity system triggered by nanoparticles as a demonstrator for toxicity
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Kristina N Ekdahl, Karin Fromell, Camilla Mohlin, Yuji Teramura, Bo Nilsson
Schematically, the human immune system can be separated into innate immunity and acquired immunity. Innate immunity of one kind or other exists in all multicellular organisms, including plants. In contrast, acquired immunity has characteristics such as immunological memory and extremely high specificity and uses lymphocytes (B and T cells) as well as antibodies as effector systems. This form of immunity developed late in evolution and it has been estimated that only ≈5% of the world’s now living species has this line of defense [20,21].