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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Three landmarks are used for the Q-angle: (a) the center of the patella, (b) the tibial tuberosity, and (c) the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). A goniometer can be used to measure the angle with the center of the patella as the apex of the angle. The angle is measured with the knee in full extension (Amis, 2007; Weiss, DeForest, Hammond, Schilling, & Ferreira, 2013). The normal Q-angle for women (17°) is larger than for men (14°). The gender difference relates to differences in pelvic width—a woman’s pelvis is typically wider. Other factors also influence the Q-angle: (a) the angle between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft, (b) the length of each femoral component, and (c) the natural external rotation of the tibial tuberosity with full knee extension—the “screw-home” mechanism (Hallén & Lindahl, 1966). Q-angle may affect pants’ grainline placement, but more study is needed.
Three-dimensional kinematic corridors of the head, spine, and pelvis for small female driver seat occupants in near- and far-side oblique frontal impacts
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
John R. Humm, Narayan Yoganandan, Klaus G. Driesslein, Frank A. Pintar
The 3D position of the markers and anatomic fiducials were determined using 3D-Slicer from pretest instrumented CT scans of the specimens. For the head, the Frankfurt plane was identified using the left and right superior acoustic meatus and the inferior margins of the left and right orbits. For the spine, 4 points were collected on the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebra at the ventral and dorsal locations in the mid-sagittal plane and right- and left-most lateral points on the transverse plane. Points on the superior surface of the left and right inferior vertebral notch were also identified. At the pelvis, points on the left and right posterior superior iliac spine and left and right anterior superior iliac spine were collected. The centers of the 4 retroreflective targets were also obtained. At each anatomic location, a marker-based local coordinate system was calculated using 3 targets, and the positions of the anatomic fiducials in the local system were determined. (Though only 3 points are necessary to define 3D positions of anatomic structures, 4 markers were used at each location to minimize marker dropout and ensure the location of a consistent set of known markers throughout the event. The 3 markers used for the subsequent analysis were arbitrarily selected as the first 3 markers in the labeling scheme.)