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Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
These mobile proteins are the products of committed B-cells, plasma cells. In human, 5 classes of antibodies are produced: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD. These classes of antibodies are immunologically distinguished by the difference of their heavy chain sequences. As for light chain, only two classes are produced, lambda and kappa chains. In human, IgG has 4 subclasses, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4; whereas IgA has 2 subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. IgD is a B cell surface receptor and is not usually released into the extracellular environment. Whereas IgM is the initially released antibody response, IgG comes later in the immune response but become the dominant class, constituting 80% of circulating antibodies. IgA is primarily responsible for mucosal immune defense. IgE involves in allergic reaction by binding on IgE receptors of mast cells, triggering mast cells to release histamines.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
There are five classes of antibodies:Immunoglobulin A (IgA) found in secretions such as saliva, tears and protects against organisms that may invade gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) which is formed initially and provides a temporary protection following exposure of the body to a new threat until immunoglobulin G is made.Immunoglobulin G (IgG) takes over from IgM to provide long-lasting protection against a specific threat.Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (sometimes called the ‘allergy’ antibody) is responsible for allergic reactions. IgE is usually produced against harmful substances but in some cases with an inherited disorder, IgE is formed in excessive amounts to substances that are usually not harmful to the majority of the population. These ‘atopic’ individuals thus react abnormally or disproportionately to a substance that should be harmless.Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a unique immunoglobulin with a concentration in serum far below those of IgG, IgA, and IgM but much higher than that of IgE. IgD’s function has long been a conundrum and is still incompletely understood.
Modeling the Epidemic Spread and Outbreak of Ebola Virus
Published in Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar, Spatial Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological Populations, 2021
Ranjit Kumar Upadhyay, Satteluri R. K. Iyengar
The common symptoms of EVD are fever, myalgia, malaise, sore throat, chest pain, red eyes, hiccups, rash, weakness, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, dehydration, dry and hacking cough, and loss of appetite. These symptoms typically start from 2 days to 3 weeks after acquiring the EVD. As the infection spreads, the body undergoes severe blood loss and coagulation abnormalities. Ultimately, the liver, kidney, and microvascular endothelial cells (capillary walls) get infected, leading to the compromise of vascular integrity. If not diagnosed and treated, death usually occurs during the second week of symptoms and is usually due to massive blood loss [59]. Diagnosis of EVD is difficult during the first few days of the incubation period as the early symptoms are often seen in a number of other diseases such as malaria or typhoid. If an individual comes in contact with an infected person, he or she must be tested to confirm infection or not infected, using laboratory tests including antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing, IgM ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and virus isolation. For infected individuals who are thought to be possible infection carriers, testing of IgM and IgG antibodies is done [25]. Good supportive clinical care and the infected individual’s immune response are the primary factors for Ebola recovery. Individuals who recover from EVD develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years [25], and they may still experience weakness, fatigue, headaches, hair loss, hepatitis, sensory changes, and inflammation of organs [46,59].
Application of Artificial Intelligence on Post Pandemic Situation and Lesson Learn for Future Prospects
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Priyanka Dwivedi, Achintya Kumar Sarkar, Chinmay Chakraborty, Monoj Singha, Vineet Rojwal
As discussed, earlier CoV-2 has several proteins like spike (S), nucleoprotein (N), envelope protein, glycoprotein, membrane matrix protein etc. These proteins can also be used for antigens to detect it. Among all the proteins S and N proteins are mostly used as antigen-based detection. Similar to antigen, antibodies like immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) are effective to determine the virus using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (Xiang et al., 2020). ELISA is an enzyme-based detection method. But the ELISA method is a time-consuming process. To shorten the diagnostics time, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is used (Yu et al., 2020). Though these processes are reliable and able to diagnose the virus, it has some drawbacks like it is a time-consuming process or the microchip is not available in sufficient amounts. Therefore, there is a need for technology to shorten the processing time or use alternative methods for diagnostic purposes.
Scheduling batch processing machine problem with non-identical job sizes via artificial immune system
Published in Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 2018
Our immunoglobulin-based AIS algorithm is inspired by the nature immune system. Human protect themselves from attack by harmful organisms under the help of immune system. Antibodies will be produced from the B cells of the immune system to bind pathogens called antigens which have invaded human body. After binding, the pathogens are disabled by antibody and destroyed easily by the immune system. And if antibodies have complementary shapes, it will have more powerful ability to bind antigens, so the diversity of the immunoglobulin is a key point to bind the antigen, and there are three parts of diversity: somatic recombination, somatic hypermutation, and isotype switching. In humans, the immunoglobulin genes can be formulated into antibodies by three chromosomal combinations. To express the diversity of the immune system, the process of somatic recombination is generated in the immune system where different combinations of genes encode different pure antibodies, called IgM. IgM’s gene will be changed through somatic hypermutation if B cells encounter with antigen. And the somatic hypermutation occurs more frequently than other mutations for a gene. At last, an isotype switching is used to make the antibody more powerful to bind antigen.
A point-source outbreak of Coccidioidomycosis among a highway construction crew
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
The purpose of this article is not to present clinical findings, but two items are noted. First, all seven infected crew members felt healthy immediately prior to starting the job. Second, four of the seven were found to have IgM antibody against Cocci antigens. IgM is a class of immuno-globulin that develops early in the humoral immune response. Production of IgM antibody usually wanes and is replaced by production of IgG antibody. A finding of IgM antibody against Cocci is interpreted as evidence of a recent infection. The fact that three of the seven cases had no evidence of IgM antibody is not unusual, because IgM antibody is not detected in about 25% of persons with new Cocci infections.[10]