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Liposomal Drug Carriers
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Juliana Palma Abriata, Marcela Tavares Luiz, Giovanni Loureiro Raspantini, Patrícia Mazureki Campos, Juliana Maldonado Marchetti
nRGD peptide is largely used to transport drugs across the BBB as approached before in Section 5.2. Chen and coworkers (2017) developed a nRGD-peptide liposome containing lycobetaine and the conjugation formulation showing higher targeting to the tumor site. The inhibitory effect of VM channels was observed due to the association of iRGD with both drugs in the formulation. Besides, this portion of iRGD targeted the formulation to integrin receptors, increasing cellular internalization, and cellular growth inhibition by the drug’s actions (Chen et al., 2017).
Multilayer Encapsulation Techniques
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Sayantani Dutta, J.A. Moses, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Researchers have worked on the therapeutic potency of iRGD (a tumor-penetrating peptide) cross-linked multilayer nanoliposomes for improved drug delivery (Liu et al., 2013). They employed cross-linked multi-lamellar liposomal vesicle (cMLV) with iRGD. The intervention displayed enhanced antitumor activity in breast cancer cells, including efficacy on multidrug-resistant strains, owing to higher penetrability of the conjugate.
Nanodevices for the Detection of Cancer Cells
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Furthermore, tumor imaging with the help of nanoparticle accumulation by means of passive targeting relying on the EPR effect, researchers have employed many studies on recognition of receptors on the cell surface for active targeting of tumor tissues. Generally, such approaches enhance the number of nanoparticles conveyed to tumor tissue in each unit time, thus increasing the sensitivity demonstrated by in vivo tumor detection methods [74]. For the detection purposes of tumors at an early stage with high contrast imaging, active tumor targeting attained an improved result as compared to passive targeting which relies on the EPR effect. Levenson and Nie proposed antibody-conjugated QDs to target PSMA for active tumor targeting. The in vivo imaging results for three types of QD surface modifications were observed: (1) COOH groups, (2) PEG groups and (3) PEG plus PSMA Ab (PEG-PSMA Ab). On the basis of histological examinations, the COOH probe did not show any tumor signals, whereas only weak tumor signals have been detected with the PEG probe (passive targeting), while the PEG-PSMA Ab-conjugated probe (active targeting) demonstrated intense signals. Thus, the evaluation suggested the conclusion of highly efficient as well as much more rapid active targeting of tumors with a tumor-specific ligand as compared to passive targeting in terms of tumor permeation, retention and uptake [75]. However, a current study revealed the frequent utilization of peptides to active targeting of cancerous tissues in vivo. The RGD peptide is analyzed by a receptor (integrin αvβ3) on the cell surface involved in cancer angiogenesis and metastasis and additionally has been applied to the targeting of tumor tissue in vivo for diagnosis [76]. In one of the studies, an iRGD-mediated and enzyme-induced precise targeting gold nanoparticle system (iRGD/AuNPs-A&C) was proposed by simply co-administering tumor-homing penetration peptide iRGD with a legumain-responsive aggregable gold nanoparticle. Intravenously injected compounds coupled to iRGD were bound to tumor vessels and after that being spread to extravascular tumor parenchyma, whereas traditional RGD peptides only transported cargo into blood vessels. iRGD homes to tumors by using three steps: the RGD motif reveals a mediating effect on the binding to αv integrins on the tumor endothelium, and further on, a proteolytic cleavage executes a binding motif for neuropilin-1, that helps in penetration into the cells. Conjugation to iRGD contributed to an obvious enhancement in the sensitivity of the tumor imaging agents as well as in the activity of the anti-tumor drug.
Lipid-based nanocarrier mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Aisha Aziz, Urushi Rehman, Afsana Sheikh, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Prashant Kesharwani
Nanoparticles with no surface modifications are cleared by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) by rapid opsonisation. This can be resolved by functionalizing the surface with PEG which prevents absorption and clearance of the nanoparticles [61]. The carrier size, shape and choice of material strongly influence the cellular uptake of the nanoparticles, which is the ultimate goal. The vehicle’s condensation capacity as well as the release of the cargo at the desired site can be maximized by optimizing the lipid to nucleic acid ratio. Lipofectamine 2000 is widely used commercially available cationic transfection reagent, due to its excellent transfection efficacy and expression of proteins. It has been further optimized to work with range of cell lines of mammalian nature [62]. However, a positive correlation was observed between the toxicity of the commonly used transfection reagents and their transfection efficacy [63]. Lipids that are capable of ionization show the extra advantage of pH-dependent change allowing the encapsulation of genetic material in an acidic environment while becoming neutral at physiological ph [64]. Studies have revealed tumor cells to overexpress secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and albumin binding glycoprotein receptors [65]. If albumin is incorporated as a surface modification on a nanoparticle, it will facilitate the cellular uptake of the NP’s contents. These modifications can also be made using ligands such as iRGD also called internalizing RGD that are used for targeting cancer. However, the genome can be modified permanently only if NP enters the nucleus. This is made possible by incorporating ligands that target the nuclear membrane, cell-penetrating peptides, and nuclear localization sequences. Checking effective internalization is crucial and for this purpose bio reducible lipid NP’s have been designed and tested in human embryonic kidney cells where they have shown successful knockdown of GFP expression up to 90% [66]. Phospholipids have shown potential as a component of nanoparticle coatings that improve biocompatibility and stability in synthetic inorganic substance-based nanoparticles. These materials are both unstable in aqueous suspensions and cytotoxic [67].