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Machine Learning Methods for Electroencephalogram (EEG) Big Data in the Context of MIOT Smart Systems
Published in Nishu Gupta, Srinivas Kiran Gottapu, Rakesh Nayak, Anil Kumar Gupta, Mohammad Derawi, Jayden Khakurel, Human-Machine Interaction and IoT Applications for a Smarter World, 2023
Aileni Raluca Maria, Pasca Sever
The EEG represents the recording of signals from neurons [1–3] of the cerebral cortex [4], a set of fluctuating field potentials, produced by the simultaneous activity of a large number of neurons and captured by electrodes located on the scalp. EEG is used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, encephalopathy, in monitoring brain activity during anesthesia, in patients with coma, and in determining brain death. On the entire surface of the skin of the head are arranged 10–20 metal electrodes connected by wires to the recording device. It measures the electrical potential detected by each electrode and compares the electrodes two by two, each comparison translating through a path called a bypass. Electroencephalographic reactivity is evaluated using simple tests such as eye-opening, hyperpnea (slow and full breathing), and intermittent light stimulation obtained with short and intense light discharges whose frequency is gradually increased. The EEG assessment takes approximately 20 minutes and does not require hospitalization.
Respiratory and Other Personal Protective Equipment
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
Love et al. (1979) reported about the effect of inspired CO2 (2 to 5%) on miners working for 30 min at 2 L/min oxygen uptake while breathing through an inspiratory resistance of 10 cmH2O at 100 L/min. Results were similar to those obtained by Jones et al (1971). Several subjects were unable to finish the test when inspired CO2 was 4% or greater. Reasons for stopping included headache and dyspnea. Several subjects reported breathlessness. Inspired levels of CO2 ranging from 2 to 5% caused a relative hyperpnea of 30 to 70% with a primary increase in respiratory rate and only a slight increase in tidal volume. When alveolar CO2 tension exceeded 40 mmHg, headache and dyspnea were prevalent. Older subjects were more prone to stop the test at 5% CO2. Thus, with the increased respiratory resistance, inhaled CO2 was not well tolerated during work when its concentration exceeded 3%.
Decreased running economy is not associated with decreased force production capacity following downhill running in untrained, young men
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Leonardo C. R. Lima, Kazunori Nosaka, Trevor C. Chen, Ronei S. Pinto, Camila C. Greco, Benedito S. Denadai
Considering that no significant associations were found between any symptoms of EIMD and the decrease in RE, as represented by the increases in VO2 in level run in the present study, it is speculated that other factors affecting submaximal running performance might have been compromised by DHR. Kano et al. (2005) showed that downhill running to exhaustion reduced the number of capillaries sustaining red blood cells and red blood cell velocity in damaged sites of the spinotrapezius muscle in rats. Compromised microcirculation might prevent optimal oxygen extraction by active muscle during exercise, leading to hyperpnea and, consequently, increased VO2. Indeed, Davies et al. (2008) showed that the ratio between oxygen delivery and utilization by the muscle during cycling increased following 100 squats with an added load equivalent to 70% of body mass. This suggests that tissue damage impacts oxygen uptake in the muscle, which is a component of VO2. Similarly, there is evidence that EIMD compromises flow-mediated vasodilation in the damaged site, which can also blunt proper oxygen delivery for the damaged exercising muscle (Caldwell et al., 2016). Although it is not yet known how muscle fibres and capillaries were affected by DHR in the present study, it seems possible that damaged capillaries and compromised oxygen delivery could have influenced RE measured subsequently to DHR.