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Chronic Arsenic Exposure to Drinking Water
Published in M. Manzurul Hassan, Arsenic in Groundwater, 2018
The most common consequence caused by ingestion of arsenic-contaminated water is the development of various typical skin lesions like “raindrop” pigmentation on the chest, back, and legs. Melanosis (known as hyperpigmentation) and hyperkeratosis (known as bilateral palmar-plantar thickening) are the two common manifestations of chronic arsenic poisoning (Çöl et al., 1999; Kile et al., 2011; Saha, 2003). Melanosis is considered an early-stage skin lesion and the most common manifestation, whereas keratosis is considered a sensitive marker of more advanced stages of arsenicosis (Sengupta et al., 2008; Tseng et al., 1968). Melanosis is marked by raindrop-shaped discolored spots, diffuse dark brown spots, or diffuse darkening and hardening (roughness) of the skin on the limbs and trunk (Nriagu et al., 2012). Keratosis may appear as a uniform thickening or as discrete nodules. Simple keratosis usually appears as bilateral thickening of the palms and soles, while in nodular keratosis, small protrusions appear on the palms and soles, with or without nodules on the dorsum of hands, feet, or legs (Mazumder et al., 1998a; Naujokas et al., 2013; Ratnaike, 2003). Keratosis is the most frequent manifestation preceding transformation into arsenic-related skin cancer. Hyperkeratosis is defined as extensively thickened keratosis easily visible from a distance (Breton et al., 2007). Leukomelanosis (hypopigmentation) is the alternate darkened light spots present anywhere on the body, while pigmentation occurs as diffuse dark brown spots, or less discrete diffuse darkening of the skin, or has a characteristic rain drop appearance (Mazumder et al., 2010; Naujokas et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2000b). Pigmentation and keratotic lesions are the most common health effects found in populations exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water in Taiwan, Chile, and Argentina (Figure 4.3).
Process variables that defined the phytofiltration efficiency of invasive macrophytes in aquatic system
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Yetunde Irinyemi Bulu, Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
Apart from their potential to bioaccumulate in living tissues, exposure to essential HMs at high concentrations, as well as non-essential HMs at low concentrations, has a negative impact on the biological system and the environment. For example, arsenic exposure cause black foot disease, hyperglycemia, hyperkeratosis, and immune system dysfunction. This is due to bioaccumulation in the liver and kidney, with the potential to cause cancer of the bladder, lung, kidney, and liver (Bulu and Saliu 2021). Due to the adverse effects of HMs contamination, different polluted water remediation technologies (e.g., chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, membrane technologies, adsorption, etc.) have been investigated (Wang and Chen 2014; Rajasulochana and Preethy 2016). However, several challenges and limitations posed by these remediation technologies have prompted research into the use of plants for polluted/wastewater remediation.
Groundwater quality evaluation using the water quality index (WQI), the synthetic pollution index (SPI), and geospatial tools: a case study of Sujawal district, Pakistan
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Ghulam Shabir Solangi, Altaf Ali Siyal, Muhammad Munir Babar, Pirah Siyal
According to the guidelines given by the WHO, the maximum allowable level of arsenic in drinking water is 10 ppb (parts per billion). In this study, about 23.4% of samples were contaminated with arsenic concentrations as high as 200 ppb with an average level of 15.53 ± 6.54 ppb. Arsenic-contaminated groundwater reflects an alarming situation for the people of the district who utilize this harmful water for drinking purposes. The alarming levels of arsenic in the sampled groundwater showed a nonlinear pattern and differed significantly from area to area. According to Das et al. (2012), arsenic-contaminated water causes liver disease, heart problems, ocular, and neuropathies, and cancer. On the other hand, Saleh et al. (2018) also reported that long-time exposure to arsenic could cause malignant melanoma, hyperkeratosis, cardiovascular diseases, peripheral nervous system problems, and cancer.
Noncancer risk assessment of arsenic safe and unsafe water uses: Bayesian estimation on cohort study
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Anirban Biswas, Arabinda Das, Debendra Nath Guha Mazumder
Arsenic is a group-I carcinogen (NRC 2001) with a potential to threaten human health worldwide (NRC 2001; Meharg 2004). Long-term arsenic exposures create pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, cardiovascular, neurological, hematological, renal, and respiratory diseases, as well as cancer of the skin, lung, bladder, liver, kidney, and prostate which cause death of the individuals (Halim et al. 2009). Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water is the major route of arsenic exposure for humans (Chakraborti et al. 2001; Rahman et al. 2006; Biswas et al. 2014a,b, 2017; Guha Mazumder et al. 2013, 2014). Additionally, intake of arsenic-contaminated foods (diets) is a good source of arsenic onto humans (Spencer et al. 2013; Biswas et al. 2014a,b, 2017). The presence of the arsenic species varies in drinking water and dietary materials, and during risk assessment, consideration of those arsenic species is important (Biswas et al. 2013; Maher et al. 2015).