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Microbiology of Metalworking Fluids
Published in Jerry P. Byers, Metalworking Fluids, Third Edition, 2018
Human microbiome research has shown that perturbations to a microbiome can cause both genomic and proteomic population shifts. In some cases, microbes that were either absent or constituted a small fraction of the total community become dominant after a disruptive event. Similarly, a shift in environmental conditions can cause a change in which genes are actively coding for new enzyme production and which are in an inactive state. Based on the results obtained from the human microbiome project that have been reported to date, we know that disease often reflects genomic, proteomic, or both types of changes to microbiome populations. Analogously, in MWF systems, the result of genomic or proteomic changes is likely to be reduced MWF performance life.
The Microbiome and Its Usefulness to Decontamination/Disinfection Practices
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched an initiative in 2008 to identify and characterize the microorganisms that are found in both healthy and diseased individuals. This initiative is called the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). It was believed that this project would take about five years to complete, with a budget of $115 million (Wikipedia, 2018).
Culturing the uncultured microbial majority in activated sludge: A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Over the past decades, cell sorting is emerging as a new technology in microbiological research and has obtained excellent achievements in microbial cultivation with the representation of microfluid and flow cytometry (Liu et al., 2017) (Figure 2d). Droplet microfluid may encapsulate single cells into nanoliter (even picoliter) droplets and provide the high throughput to isolate novel microbes from diverse communities (Goh et al., 2022; Kaminski et al., 2016), such as a bacterium in the “most wanted” list of Human Microbiome Project (HMP) (Ma et al., 2014), new species that could degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from soil communities (Jiang et al., 2016), and the slow-growing bacteria in marine (Hu et al., 2020). Another research developed a Raman-based automated sorting platform which used microfluidics and optical tweezers for targeted single cell sorting from complex microbial communities and targeted cultivation of novel microbes with specific physiology of interest (Lee et al., 2021).
On the interpretation of bioaerosol exposure measurements and impacts on health
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Hamza Mbareche, Lidia Morawska, Caroline Duchaine
The use of the standardized protocols proposed in the bioaerosol public database and the large data set that can be generated and accumulated over the years will provide reliable exposure-response curves. As an analogy to PM2.5 and PM10, important information is collected from standard measurement methods, thus more rigorous exposure–response curves are generated, which are used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to set guidelines. This example is used to emphasize the idea of using standardized methods to study bioaerosol exposure. For bioaerosols, the closest related guidelines was the WHO Dampness and Mold 2009 Guideline (Morawska 2010). Taking into account the challenges related to setting guidelines to bioaerosol exposure, which are primarily standardization of measurements and exposure limits, the main focus of the WHO guideline was on prevention or minimization of dampness and microbial growth in building structures (WHO 2009). An alternative for guideline consideration would consist of distinguishing normal from abnormal bioaerosols, qualitatively and quantitatively, in specific climatic zones and microenvironments. A related example was proposed for airborne fungal concentrations in schools of different regions based on the distinction between natural and high concentrations of fungi (Salonen et al. 2015). This information could be incorporated in the bioaerosol public database to keep track of what is measured and how and accumulate the large data set on bioaerosol exposure studies. An international scientific organization could be responsible for the creation of the database such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the Human Microbiome Project. Although having bioaerosol exposure guidelines may seem far from becoming a reality in the near future, raising the level of knowledge on bioaerosols and combining forces of different aerosol scientists can certainly bring this reality within reach.