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Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
In Bangladesh and India, where Nipah virus infection is more frequent, exposure has been linked to consumption of raw date palm sap and contact with bats. Importantly, human-to-human transmission has been documented and exposure to other Nipah virus-infected individuals is also a risk factor.
A Study on Mathematical and Computational Models in the Context of COVID-19
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
Thus we can estimate the basic reproduction number due to environmental transmission and also due to human-to-human transmission, which helps in planning measures for controlling the spread of COVID-19, more particularly with regard to environmental issues.
Climatic influence on the magnitude of COVID-19 outbreak: a stochastic model-based global analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Malay Pramanik, Koushik Chowdhury, Md Juel Rana, Praffulit Bisht, Raghunath Pal, Sylvia Szabo, Indrajit Pal, Bhagirath Behera, Qiuhua Liang, Sabu S. Padmadas, Parmeshwar Udmale
The global surge of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic1 has been unprecedented in the 21st century. The virus has spread rapidly across international borders (Cai et al. 2020) through global travel from its primary infection epicenter in Wuhan2 (China) to new epicenters in Europe (Italy, Spain, France, Germany, the UK) and North America (the US and Canada). The economic impact of the disease spread has the potential to worsen food insecurity among marginalized communities in resource-poor and low-income countries (Udmale et al. 2020). COVID-19 is highly contagious. The risk of human-to-human transmission is very high and the disease spreads mainly through close human contact and respiratory droplets (WHO 2020a; CDCP 2020a). The common symptoms of COVID-19 are high fever, contagious cough, choking, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress conditions (CDCP 2020a). The case fatality rate (CFR) is estimated at 3.4% globally, while it varies by countries and population groups (WHO 2020a). The CFR of the current SARS-COV-2 is lower than its predecessor SARS-COV-1, but its reproduction rate is much higher.
Assessing the effectiveness of using various face coverings to mitigate the transport of airborne particles produced by coughing indoors
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Liqiao Li, Muchuan Niu, Yifang Zhu
The COVID-19 outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus referred to as SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in more than 1.1 million deaths in 189 countries/regions as of 26 October, 2020 (Johns Hopkins University 2020). One of the major routes of human to human transmission is the inhalation of respiratory droplets produced by infected individuals through coughing, sneezing, and even talking or breathing within a close proximity of 1.8 m (Acter et al. 2020; Ma et al. 2020; Xie et al. 2007). Although larger droplets usually settle quickly within a short distance from the origin, smaller particles can travel longer distances (Morawska 2006; Morawska and Cao 2020; Morawska et al. 2009; Morawska and Milton 2020). A recent study has shown that airborne particles associated with SARS-CoV-2 were smaller than 5.0 µm in two Wuhan hospitals during the outbreak (Liu et al. 2020). These virus-laden particles remain viable and suspended in the air for hours (Morawska 2006; van Doremalen et al. 2020), which may contribute to the airborne transmission of COVID-19.
Negative and positive environmental perspective of COVID-19: air, water, wastewater, forest, and noise quality
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ranjan K Mohapatra, Pradeep K Das, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Saumya Ranjan Mohapatara, Pranab K. Mohapatra, Ajit Behera, Tamoghna Acharyya, Venkataramana Kandi, Kudrat-E Zahan, Senthilkumar Natesan, Muhammad Bilal, Kuldeep Dhama
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus – 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel emerging strain of coronavirus, which is believed to originated from animals (Pangolins, Bats, others) and inducing severe respiratory diseases [1–3]. It mainly causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is declared as a pandemic disease that has affected most parts of the world [4]. The said pathogenic viral infection has been first reported from the Huanan Seafood wholesale market, Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019, where live animals were sold regularly [5,6]. This recent outbreak has not only been limited to China but has spread very quickly around the whole world due to rapid transmission by human-to-human contact, mainly due to travelers and then spread within the countries via community transmission [7]. The spike protein (S) of the virus may bind to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on various human cells, including the lung alveolar epithelial cells, to initiate its entry into host cells leading to pathogenesis events [8,9]. The most common COVID-19 symptoms are fever, cough, followed by pneumonia. Apart from respiratory affections, SARS-CoV-2 may also affect the heart, kidneys, nervous system, thereby progressing into multiple organ failure [10]. SARS-CoV-2 exposure may cause severe complications among immune-compromised persons and those are having diabetes and cardiovascular disorders [11]. The COVID-19 is mainly transmitted via respiratory aerosols/droplets (sneezing/coughing) and through the fecal-oral route [12]. Although several other means of transmission have been identified, human-to-human transmission mainly occurs by direct and indirect contacts (i.e. contaminated objects/ surfaces/fomite). The air-borne transmission has also been implicated a predominant mode of virus spread [13,14]. Furthermore, hospital-associated transmissions were also reported in over 40% of the patients [15].