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Cancer Diagnosis from Histopathology Images Using Deep Learning: A Review
Published in Ranjeet Kumar Rout, Saiyed Umer, Sabha Sheikh, Amrit Lal Sangal, Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Computational Biology, 2023
Vijaya Gajanan Buddhavarapu, J. Angel Arul Jothi
Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissue structures in order to study the characteristics of diseases. For most types of cancer, histopathology remains the ‘gold standard' for the diagnosis of cancer. In this context, a pathologist is tasked with providing a comprehensive and accurate diagnosis of the tissue samples to affirm or deny the malignancy of the sample [14]. Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) and computer-aided detection (CADe) refer to computer systems and software that assist medical professionals in the interpretation of medical images [19]. CADe/CADx systems are used in cancer diagnostic systems, involving histopathology images, in the following ways: (1) detection and segmentation of region of interest (ROI) or structures such as mitosis, nuclei and stroma, (2) classification of tissue samples as diseased/malignant or benign, and (3) classification of sub-types of a particular type of cancer [79, 1]. It should be noted that CAD systems do not aim to replace medical professionals. The objective of such systems is to assist medical professionals such that the final decision can be made with confidence [28].
Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Anatomically, cell is the basic smallest functional compartment of living things. The groups of cell in our body will form a larger functional unit that is called tissue. Tissue is an important basic part of the body, since it is the main component of the organ in our body. There are various tissues in human body and different tissues have different characteristics and functions. In medicine, the study of tissue is the basic practice requirement for any undergraduate medical students. The histology and histopathology are the main medical subjects that cover the knowledge on normal and pathological tissue. The study on the tissue can help in diagnosis of underlying pathology for several medical disorders. The histopathology is the basic diagnostic investigation for many diseases such as infectious diseases and malignancies. Basically, if there is any defect in tissue, there will be the abnormality in its basic physiological function that will further result in anatomical abnormality. The microanatomical abnormality in tissue can be detected by means of clinical microscopy. The use of microscope with specific special staining technique is the basic principle in histopathology examination.
Cervical Dysplasia Diagnosis with Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Rebekah Drezek, Karen Basen-Engquist, Scott B. Cantor, Urs Utzinger, Carrie Brookner, Michele Follen
Determining the outcome measure for a study is of critical importance. For cervical neoplasia, the current gold standard is colposcopically directed histopathological biopsy. Ideally, both colposcopically normal and abnormal areas should be assessed using the new technology and verified with histopathological biopsy. However, in many studies, only colposcopically abnormal sites are biopsied, making it difficult to rigorously evaluate the performance of the new technology. While histopathology is an accepted gold standard, there is frequent disagreement among pathologists. Pathologists may even differ in their own reading of the same biopsy on separate occasions. The former refers to interobserver differences and the latter to intraob-server differences. Repeated reviews and consensus panels can overcome some of the limitations of this subjectivity in the gold standard. As quantitative measurement of tissue histopathology becomes more routine, the current qualitative gold standards may be replaced by quantitative gold standards.
A Systematic Review of Real-time Fine-needle Aspiration Biopsy Methods for Soft Tissues
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Rahul Nadda, Ashish Kumar Sahani, Ramjee Repaka
The present study includes inspection of various patients for the presence of tumors, cancer, nodules, etc., radiographically or clinically using real-time FNA biopsy.The study considered accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity associated with real-time methods of FNA biopsy in detecting benign versus malignant tumors.Both the histopathology and cytopathology results obtained from the aspiration were reported.FNA biopsy was executed before the surgery through palpation and real-time US assistance.FNA biopsy was executed through real-time EUS assistance and CT assistance.Mean diameter of lesions and nodules.
Dual Stage Normalization Approach Towards Classification of Breast Cancer
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Biopsy is a surgical process, where a tissue is removed from any part of the body and examined for the existence, reason, and scope of the cancer. This process is usually carried out in a histology laboratory by a pathologist [9]. Histopathology refers to the process of studying specimen of tissue seen with the help of microscope for the detection of cancer [10]. With the onset of digital pathology, the biomedical experts can help in the detection of cancer by applying image processing methods. The spectrum is very large that we can use automated techniques from the start to end of the biopsy process [11–13]. To anticipate features of the breast tissue, immunohistochemical stains are used. Different types of staining exist. Hematoxylin–Eosin (H&E) staining is a popular staining technique to visualize the structures in tissue samples. H&E staining represents histological structures in a logical and distinct way. Tissue nuclei will be colored as blue or violet and eosinophilic texture will be colored as red or pink [14]. These colored specimens are examined by the pathologist under microscope with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera.
Transgenerational male reproductive effect of prenatal arsenic exposure: abnormal spermatogenesis with Igf2/H19 epigenetic alteration in CD1 mouse
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Guoying Yin, Liting Xia, Yaxing Hou, Yaoyan Li, Deqing Cao, Yanan Liu, Jingshan Chen, Juan Liu, Liwen Zhang, Qiaoyun Yang, Qiang Zhang, Naijun Tang
The fixed testis was trimmed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin blocks by standard procedures. Tissue sections of 5-μm thickness were made and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathology analysis under an optical microscope equipped with a digital camera (IX81, Olympus, Japan). Spermatogenesis is routinely divided into 12 stages (I–XII stages) in mice, which is characterized by the shape of acrosomes according to known criteria (Meistrich and Hess 2013). In this study, quantitative evaluation of spermatogenesis was carried out by counting the relative number of each type of germ cells at stage VII of the seminiferous cycle. The types of germ cells include type A spermatogonia (Asg), preleptotine spermatocytes (pLSc), mid-pachytene spermatocytes (mPSc) and step 7 spermatids (7Sd). Briefly, for each section of the mouse testis, all germ cells present in stage VII of the cycle were counted in 10 round or nearly round seminiferous tubules. In addition, maturity of the germinal epithelium was evaluated by Johnsen score (Johnsen 1970), a simple way for assessment of spermatogenesis. For the Johnsen score, a grade from 1 to 10 was given to each tubule cross-section according to the range from no cells to complete spermatogenesis. For each animal, 50 tubules were evaluated. Six animals per group of F1 and F3 generations were analyzed.