China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
P. S. Sreeja, K. Arunachalam, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj
Mainly, ulcer treatments are followed in two ways: prophylactic and therapeutic types. The prophylactic treatment mainly depends on strengthening the mucosal defensive factors, such as stimulating the somatostatin and prostaglandin synthesis and inhibiting the secretion of gastrin, to provide gastroprotection through protecting the mucus layer and reducing acid secretion. Apart from this, the cytoprotection of the stomach is achieved by reducing the oxidative damage through increasing the catalase activity and suppressing the peroxidation of lipids, and also the anti-inflammatory effect and the involvement of the NO-synthase pathway played gastroprotective roles, whereas, the therapeutic way of treatment involves the usage of anti-secretory or ulcer-healing drugs. Anti-secretory drugs put forth inhibitory effects on the histaminergic and cholinergic effects on the proton pump mechanism, and the ulcer healing is satisfied through the mucosal enhancement by the anti-ulcer agents (Singh et al. 2018).
Identification and Prediction of Substantial Differential Vulnerability to the Neurobehavioral Effects of Sleep Loss
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
The stability of wakefulness and the consolidation of sleep are controlled by a set of complex neural pathways. There is currently no singular unifying theory describing their interactions, although their neurobehavioral outputs and effects on neurobehavioral functions are increasingly predictable through mathematical models of these processes (McCauley et al. 2009). The ascending cholinergic reticulothalamocortical pathway, which originates in the upper pons, pedunculopontine, and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei, and activates the thalamus and cerebral cortex, has a major role in maintaining arousal and wakefulness, although histaminergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic mechanisms likely also play a role. Conversely, the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), an area rich in galanin- and GABA-containing neurons, is active during sleep, and is a highly accurate real-time marker of sleep duration. The ascending cholinergic pathway and VLPO are mutually inhibitory, thus forming a “flip-flop” switch that when activated tends to stay active by inhibiting the opposing pathway (Saper et al. 2005). A small perturbation in the system may lead to a sudden change in the pathway whose activity is dominant (for example, instability can occur under certain conditions). There is also evidence that orexin-hypocretin neurons are responsible for both stabilizing the sleep switch and altering its equilibrium point (from promoting wakefulness to promoting sleep and vice versa). These molecules interact directly with the arousal system, but not with the VLPO, suggesting that their action inhibits unwanted lapses into sleep (Mignot 2004). Adenosinergic mechanisms also likely participate in the regulation of sleep homeostasis (Porkka-Heiskanen et al. 2000, Strecker et al. 2000), and the output of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (the endogenous circadian clock) modulates the stability of waking neurobehavioral functions.
Experimental models of chemically induced Parkinson’s disease in zebrafish at the embryonic larval stage: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Paola Briñez-Gallego, Dennis Guilherme da Costa Silva, Marcos Freitas Cordeiro, Ana Paula Horn, Mariana Appel Hort
On the other hand, compared with other animal models, some disadvantages of zebrafish can also be highlighted. The functional properties of many zebrafish proteins, including enzymes and receptors, are still studied quite infrequently. Although the location and number of neurons in some crucial cell populations are now known, including dopaminergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, and some peptidergic cells, the functions of different populations and their roles in specific circuits are far from well understood (Kalueff, Stewart, and Gerlai 2014). The small brain size of zebrafish larvae is also a limiting factor for biochemical analysis. Further, the intact fixed brain can be dissected at 3 dpf and beyond, but an unfixed brain is easily damaged and contaminated with extraneuronal tissues (Kalueff, Echevarria, and Stewart 2014; Panula et al. 2010).
Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fruits and by-products from Mauritia flexuosa, an exotic plant with functional benefits#
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Vivianne Rodrigues Amorim, Débora Caroline do Nascimento Rodrigues, Jurandy do Nascimento Silva, Carla Lorena Silva Ramos, Lívia Maria Nunes Almeida, Antonia Amanda Cardoso Almeida, Flaviano Ribeiro Pinheiro-Neto, Fernanda Regina Castro Almeida, Marcia Santos Rizzo, Joilane Alves Pereira-Freire, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
Histamine derived from histidine, is produced by different human cells, predominantly basophils, mastocytes, platelets, histaminergic neurons, lymphocytes, and enterochromaphine cells. Histamine is stored in cytoplasmic vesicles that are rapidly discharged by exocytosis under stimulation. Subsequently, this mediator acts by allowing the passage of leukocytes to the inflammatory locus. In addition, histamine has stimulatory effects on phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and activation of cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase, which are essential for synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (Barth et al. 2016; Bork 2014).