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Diabetes and Antidiabetic Therapy: Control of Glucose
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
In addition to glucose measurements, in 2009, an expert committee engaged by the American Diabetes Association recommended including an assays for “glycated hemoglobin” (HbA1c) as a diagnostic criteria with a level >6.5% indicating diabetes. HbA1c is a modified form of hemoglobin that correlates with high glucose levels. There has been some controversy about this recommendation.4 The test is not available in all parts of the world and depends on the availability of well-standardized analyses in approved laboratories. Furthermore, there appears to be considerable variation among individuals based on genetic factors, as well as among different ethnic groups. Nevertheless, the method has come into use as one of the criteria for tracking progression of diabetes and for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.
Hematology
Published in Alan G. Heath, Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2018
The erythrocytes (red blood cells) of fish are nucleated and similar in size to the leukocytes, in contrast to mammals in which the latter are the much larger cell. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which enables the blood to hold a far greater amount of oxygen than it otherwise could (50- to 100-fold, depending on the hemoglobin concentration). The term anemia is applied to any condition where the concentration of the hemoglobin in the blood is abnormally low, whether this is due to a reduction in number of erythrocytes or to an inadequate amount of hemoglobin in the cells.
Cardiovascular System:
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
At higher elevations, as an adaptation to lower atmospheric oxygen, the body releases more erythropoietin, which increases the number of RBCs in circulation to improve the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity (called secondary polycythemia). A reduced oxygen-carrying capacity is called anemia, and a common cause is an iron deficiency (a component needed for hemoglobin production).
Anemia in Children from the Caribbean Region of Colombia: An Econometric Analysis
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2023
Lina Moyano Tamara, Paula Espitia, Ana Mora
Anemia is a disease that occurs when the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is lower than necessary to meet the oxygen transport requirements in the body. The factor contributing the most to the onset of anemia is iron deficiency. Among those individuals who are anemic, iron deficiency anemia represents at least 50% of anemia cases3,4; thus, this pathology is directly related to the lack of this micronutrient as a result of a poor and non-diversified diet.3 Moreover, anemia can also result from parasitic infections, deficiencies of other micronutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folic acid, chronic and hereditary diseases.5 The disease may occur at any stage of the human life cycle; however, it is more prevalent during pregnancy and in children under five years old because it is precisely during these periods that the biological requirements for iron are higher. In addition, the late introduction of complementary feeding (over 26 weeks) reduced the extent of breastfeeding, and this plus inadequate intake of iron-rich foods are factors that have been linked to the development of anemia in children under five years.6
Protective Properties of Traditional Wood Paint Based on Cattle Blood
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Jan Baar, Péter György Horváth, Qinglin Wu, Tomáš Dostál
The treatment of cattle blood-based paint initially gives wood bright red color, as can be seen in Figure 2. Corresponding color parameters values are stated in Table 5. After a week pass the application, all measured color parameters values decreased in both observed recipes. The color became darker and less red and less yellow. In the course of a time the bright brick red color turns to a dark brown color (Figure 2). The oxblood as the color name usually describes dark red hue with purple and brown undertones, which correspond with the appearance of aged paint (Figure 2). Schießl (1981) stated that the initially shiny, bright red color of the painting is becoming brown and unsightly; an almost blackish hue is seen on the oak wood due to high tannin content. The red color of the blood is given by the erythrocytes, which are red due to the presence of hemoglobin, the metalloprotein responsible for oxygen transport. Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits, each composed of a protein chain and a non-protein heme group—an iron ion surrounded by a heterocyclic porphyrin ring. Its oxygenated form is responsible for the typical red color of fresh blood. Hemoglobin, which constitutes 97% of the blood’s dry content when in contact with oxygen outside the living body, is converted to three consecutive derivatives: oxyhemoglobin (bright red), methemoglobin (dark red), and hemichrome (dark brown). The discoloration is the most rapid within the first 10 hours and later the rate slows down; the reaction rate also depends on temperature and humidity (Bremmer et al. 2011).
Dragonfly algorithm–support vector machine approach for prediction the optical properties of blood
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Faiza Omari, Latifa Khaouane, Maamar Laidi, Abdellah Ibrir, Mohamed Roubehie Fissa, Mohamed Hentabli, Salah Hanini
The optical properties of blood, are important parameters in biomedical optics, and have been extensively studied in the literature. Hemoglobin (HB), the main component of blood, allows the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the human tissues and plays a crucial role in the optical properties of blood. The absorption and scattering properties of hemoglobin depend on numerous physiological and biochemical parameters, including its concentration, hematocrit HCT (the volume fraction of red blood cells in blood), oxygen saturation (the percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen), and other parameters. (Faber et al. 2004; Friebel and Meinke 2005; Friebel et al. 2009).