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Electrophysiological Amplifier
Published in Mesut Sahin, Howard Fidel, Raquel Perez-Castillejos, Instrumentation Handbook for Biomedical Engineers, 2020
Mesut Sahin, Howard Fidel, Raquel Perez-Castillejos
The heart can be described as a double pump that distributes blood to the entire body; one pump sends blood to the lungs and the other one feeds blood to the rest of the body. Each of the two cardiac pumps consists of two chambers: one atrium and one ventricle. Therefore, the heart, as a whole, consists of two atria and two ventricles, as shown schematically in Figure 2.2. For each pumping cycle or heartbeat, the heart fills with blood (diastole) through the atria and subsequently pushes the blood out of the ventricles (systole). The sequence of steps involved in a heartbeat is carefully orchestrated by the cardiac conduction system, which consists of the sinoatrial node (SA), the atrioventricular node (AV), the common bundle, the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers. The SA node is known as the physiological pacemaker of the heart because it is capable of self-firing – that is, it is capable of generating an action potential without receiving an external stimulus. Overall, the SA node-firing frequency is regulated by the central nervous system (CNS), which adapts the heart rate to various physiological factors such as the breathing rhythm [8].
ANFIS-Based Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification
Published in Archana Mire, Vinayak Elangovan, Shailaja Patil, Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis, 2022
Alka Barhatte, Manisha Dale, Rajesh Ghongade
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a cardiac signal representing the recording of the electrical activity of the heart. Information such as heart rate, rhythm, and morphology in the form of conduction disturbances can be extracted from the ECG signal. The significance of the ECG is notable in that coronary heart diseases are major causes of mortality worldwide. The ECG varies between different individuals, due to the anatomy of the heart, and differences in size, position, age, etc. Thus, the ECG yields highly distinctive characteristics, suitable for various applications and diagnosis. This chapter focuses on cardiac arrhythmia classification. Cardiac arrhythmia is a heart disorder displaying an irregular heartbeat due to malfunction in the cells of the heart’s electrical system. During cardiac arrhythmia, the heartbeat can have an irregular rhythm. Sometimes it is too fast – >90 beats/min – and this is called tachycardia; when the heartbeat is too slow – <60 beats/min – this is called bradycardia. Thus, there are many types of cardiac arrhythmia based on heart rate and site of origin. Some are frequently benign, although several may be a sign of significant heart disease, stroke, or surprising heart failure. At some stage in cardiac arrhythmia, the heart may not be capable of pumping enough blood to the body. Lack of blood flow can damage organs like the brain and heart. Thus, to enable appropriate survival measures, an accurate classification is required of cardiac arrhythmia that leads to heart rate variations. This chapter introduces the classification of six types of cardiac arrhythmias based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS).
Overview of the Internet of Things and Ubiquitous Computing
Published in Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan, Aditya Khamparia, Parma Nand Astya, Narayan C. Debnath, Blockchain Technology for Data Privacy Management, 2021
Shashi Mehrotra, Shweta Sinha, Sudhir Kumar Sharma
The ubiquitous computing system for cardiac patient monitoring consists of mobile computing, sensors, and communications technologies [35]. Quality of life could be improved by caring for cardiac patients, regular monitoring, and personalizing patient care [35] Doctors primarily use ECGs for diagnostic and medication purposes. An ECG records heartbeats in a waveform graph. This form of electronic monitoring can help detect heart disease, determine a patient’s heart rate, monitor the regularity of heartbeats, and determine the size and position of the heart’s chambers, all critical areas of focus. Along with these features, an ECG also helps to assess the effects of drugs or specialized devices used for regulating the heart.
Data Analytics for Risk of Hospitalization of Cardiac Patients
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
M. Chandralekha, N. Shenbagavadivu
The onset of chronic disease especially in patients with heart disease is mostly influenced by the lifestyle and predicting heart disease early could save cost and life. Heart disease refers to problems that are associated with blood vessels, circulatory system, disease related to tissues and structural units. The symptoms of heart disease vary for men and women. Men experience chest pain while women experience shortness of breath, chest discomfort. However, the common symptom includes chest pain, breathlessness and palpitations. Other symptoms include that pain that migrates from chest towards arm, back, jaw, heavy sweating, nausea, dizziness. Abnormal heartbeats or arrhythmia have symptoms like fluttering feeling in the chest, high heart beat, low heart beat, dizziness, shortness of breath and dizziness. There are number of factors that can cause heart disease such as genetic factors, heart muscle damages, heart valve disorders, pumping conditions and life style. The main risk factors for developing heart disease are age, sex, family history, smoking, diet that have high salt, fat, sugar, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, stress and anxiety.
A neuro-cognitive investigation of the impact of glass floors on people
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2021
The rhythmic heartbeat is an indication of a healthy heart. The time variation between R waves in successive QRS complexes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, or the rate of deviation in the cardiovascular system is called Heart Rate Variability (HRV) (Bansal, Khan, and Salhan 2009). The power spectral density of HRV is used to determine sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activities. The low frequency component (LF) covering the 0.04-0.15 Hz range of the power spectrum is affected by sympathetic and the parasympathetic activities, while the high frequency component (HF) between 0.15-0.4 Hz is mostly affected by parasympathetic activity. The LF/HF ratio is considered to be indicative of sympathovagal equilibrium (Acharya et al. 2006; Forte and Casagrande 2019; Schiweck et al. 2019). ECG is usually used in clinical studies. For the HRV measurement in this study, the Polar V800, which de Oliveira Mesquita, Kyröläinen, and Olstad (2017) used to determine the reliability and validity of the heart rate variability (HRV) index, was preferred.
Deep spatio-temporal sparse decomposition for trend prediction and anomaly detection in cardiac electrical conduction
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2022
Xinyu Zhao, Hao Yan, Zhiyong Hu, Dongping Du
Cardiac arrhythmia is a group of conditions where the heartbeat is irregular. Common conditions include ventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, ventricular fibrillation, etc. These conditions occur when abnormal and chaotic electrical impulses cause heart chambers to quiver ineffectively instead of pumping blood to support the body. Such abnormal activities can result in serious complications such as stroke and even sudden death. For arrhythmias that can not be treated with medications, surgical procedures can be done to locate abnormal cardiac cells that initiate disorders and burn the tissue to stop the abnormal electrical activities. However, the identification of abnormal electrical impulses and problematic tissue is challenging.