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Neural Network-Based Control
Published in Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Ferat Sahin, Mo Jamshidi, Intelligent Control Systems with an Introduction to System of Systems Engineering, 2018
Thrishantha Nanayakkara, Ferat Sahin, Mo Jamshidi
It is evident from the sketch in Figure 6.42 that the cerebellar networks have strong connections with the cortex, which makes us reinforce the belief that the cerebellar networks may provide important information about the dynamics of the hand and the task to the cortex to compute motor commands. A close look at the details of the cerebellar networks shows how they are organized to model the dynamics of the hand and the task. Figure 6.43 shows the organization of the networks in the cerebellum. It is also shown in Figure 6.43 that there are two main sources carrying input information to the cerebellum. Mossy fibers are one source. They originate from the spinal cord and the brain stem, as shown in Figure 6.43. Therefore, they are thought to carry information about the goal and the desired force/position/velocity trajectory. Mossy fibers synapse with granule cells in the granule layer, also viewed as the hidden layer of the cerebellar network. Axons of the granule cells project toward the periphery of the cerebellum, where they branch off in a T junction to form parallel fibers that run virtually parallel to the outer surface of the cerebellar formation. These parallel fibers form a fabric that synapses with the Purkinje cells sending the final motor command out of the cerebellum. The other source of information is the movement error encoded in the climbing fibers. Climbing fibers start from a neural structure known as the inferior olive in the medulla. Climbing fibers wrap around Purkinje cells to change their synapses to correct the movement and muscle coordination accuracy as shown in Figure 6.43.
Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The cerebellar cortex has a distinctive, highly regular structure in which the axons of granule cells, the PFs, cross at right angles to the flat dendritic trees of Purkinje cells. Cerebellar circuitry has feedforward, feedback, and recurrent inhibition.
Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Seulah Lee, Hee Ra Park, Joo Yeon Lee, Jung-Hyun Cho, Hye Min Song, Ah Hyun Kim, Wonjong Lee, Yujeong Lee, Seung-Cheol Chang, Hyung Sik Kim, Jaewon Lee
To detect newly generated cells, free-floating brain sections were treated with 0.6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) to block endogenous peroxidase, then with 50% formamide/50% sodium citrate buffer for 2 h at 65°C and 2 N HCl for 30 min at 37°C to denature DNA (Lee, Serrogy, and Mattson 2002). Sections were then neutralized by exposing them to 0.1 M borate buffer (pH 8.5) for 15 min, blocked in TBS/0.1% Triton X-100/3% goat serum (TBS-TS) for 30 min and incubated with primary anti-BrdU antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) in TBS-TS overnight at 4°C. Tissues were then treated with a biotinylated secondary goat anti-rat IgG antibody (3 μl/ml, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 3 h at room temperature, with ABC solution (avidin-peroxidase complex, Vectastain ABC reagent Elite Kit, Vector Laboratories) at room temperature for 1 h, stained with diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution for 5 min, mounted, and cover slipped. Images were taken using a Nikon ECLIPSE TE 2000-U microscope (Nikon). BrdU positive cells were counted in every sixth section throughout the entire rostro-caudal extents of hippocampi. The granule cell layer of dentate gyrus was used as a reference region. All cell counts were performed by the same blinded investigator.