China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Neural and Brain Complex
Published in Perambur S. Neelakanta, Dolores F. De Groff, Neural Network Modeling, 2018
Perambur S. Neelakanta, Dolores F. De Groff
The neural interconnections either diverge or converge. That is, neurons of the cerebral cortex receive a converging input from an average of 1000 synapses and are delivered through the branching outlets to hundreds of other neurons. There are specific cells known as Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex which receive in excess of 75,000 synaptic inputs; and there also exists a single granule cell that connects to 50 or more Purkinje cells.
Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Hyang Yeon Kim, Yong-Jae Lee, Sun Jae Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Suhkmann Kim, Mee Jung Ko, Ji-Woon Kim, Chan Young Shin, Kyu-Bong Kim
The cerebellum was initially postulated to play a role only in motor and balance control; however, new research suggests that this brain region also plays an important role in cognitive domain (Mosconi et al. 2015). The cerebellum acts as a regulator by participating in slowing or accelerating associations and regulating the state of attention. This function is directly related to the ability of animals to develop a social relationship with other animals. Our findings showed that decreased sociability occurred in VPA-treated rats as indicated by reduced residence time around strangers and elevated residence time in empty spaces. Ingram et al. (2000) noted that prenatal exposure to VPA in rodent embryos, reduced cerebellum size, and Purkinje cell number in the brain. Purkinje cells are unique type of neurons present in the cerebellar cortex (Glickstein, Sultan, and Voogd 2011). Spisák et al. (2019) reported that Purkinje cell numbers were correlated with cerebrocerebellar circuit anomalies in ASD models induced by VPA. Spisák et al. (2019) found that sensory cerebral blood oxygen level-dependent signal responses were hyper-activated, associated with lower Purkinje cell number an atypical effect in cerebrocerebellar activity in prenatal VPA exposed rats. Our findings indicate that prenatal exposure to VPA appeared to produce ASD-like behaviors in rat offspring.