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Impact of Well Remediation Chemicals on Water Quality and Deterioration
Published in Joseph A. Cotruvo, Gunther F. Craun, Nancy Hearne, Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems, 2019
Hydroxyacetic acid (C2H4O3), commonly known as glycolic acid, is a liquid organic acid (70%). It is odorless, less aggressive than muriatic acid, and safer to handle. Glycolic acid has a biocidal reaction on biofilms in the well, and is more effective than muriatic acid against biomass. It chelates dissolved metals from the well debris. Typical application rates call for 10% acid by volume of water in the well (1 gallon of acid per 10 gallons of water in the well). Using organic chemicals to clean groundwater supplies that are limited by organic carbon (low TOC) may contribute to microbial regrowth if chemical residuals remain in the formation after cleaning.
Transdermal delivery of acemetacin loaded microemulsions: preparation, characterization, in vitro – ex vivo evaluation and in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Emre Şefik Çağlar, Mehmet Evren Okur, Buket Aksu, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Due to the obvious importance of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway in inflammation and, hence, the biochemical identification of pain, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), which include both conventional nonselective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, are widely used in pain management.[1] Acemetacin (ACM), the glycolic acid ester of indomethacin, is a nonselective COX-2 inhibitor. ACM, like other NSAIDs, is practically water-insoluble and inhibits prostaglandin production, resulting in an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effect. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, acute gout, dysmenorrhea, toothache, and postoperative pain are among the conditions for which it is prescribed. ACM is excreted via the hepatic and renal systems.[2,3]
Progress in spray-drying of protein pharmaceuticals: Literature analysis of trends in formulation and process attributes
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Joana T. Pinto, Eva Faulhammer, Johanna Dieplinger, Michael Dekner, Christian Makert, Marco Nieder, Amrit Paudel
In the last 15 years, spray-drying has, in fact, been successfully applied in the production of a few protein pharmaceuticals (Table 1). In 2006, the inhaled insulin powder, Exubera® (Pfizer), became the first commercial spray-dried protein hormone (later withdrawn from the market). Spray-dried alternatives of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres for depot liquid crystal formulation of triptorelin pamoate and lanreotide acetate were approved in 2010 and 2013, respectively. More recently, in 2015, Raplixa® (ProFibrix BV) became the first approved protein drug manufactured via aseptic spray-drying. Beyond these, other protein pharmaceuticals produced via spray-drying in a wide array of dosage forms are, presently under clinical development.[5]
In vitro characterization of hierarchical 3D scaffolds produced by combining additive manufacturing and thermally induced phase separation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Azizeh-Mitra Yousefi, Joseph Powers, Kaylie Sampson, Katherine Wood, Carter Gadola, Jing Zhang, Paul F. James
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is commonly used as a scaffold material in tissue engineering due to its ease of processing in various conventional scaffold fabrication techniques and use in additive manufacturing techniques, as well as its controllable biodegradability and biocompatibility. PLGA degrades through hydrolysis of its ester linkages to produce lactic acid (LA) and glycolic acid (GA), and although these products are not harmful to the body on their own, buildup can cause accelerated degradation of the scaffold [10]. Degradation rates can be tuned through various methods, such as by changing the molecular weight of the polymer and by varying the ratio of GA to LA. PLGA with a higher percentage of LA is less hydrophilic, and therefore degrades more slowly due to the polymer absorbing less water [10]. Although PLGA is commonly used in tissue engineering, its poor mechanical properties and cell affinity mean that it is most often used with a ceramic component in a polymer/ceramic composite scaffold. Hence, composites of polymer matrices and biologically-active nanoparticles have gained interest in the biomedical field [11, 12].