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Liposome NanocarrierSynthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Phospholipids consist of glycerol or sphingosine, fatty acids, alcohol, and a phosphate group (Figure 4.1). Phospholipids are classified as glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids. Phospholipids which contain glycerol are said to be glycerophospholipids, and they are classified as phosphatidyl choline (lecithin; PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (cephalin; PE), phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), DOPE (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG). Phospholipids which contain amino alcohol instead of glycerol are known as sphingophospholipids. The most common phopholipid used is phosphatidyl choline. They are not soluble in water or any aqueous media, and they exist in closely planar sheets to minimize unwanted interaction between the aqueous phase and the fatty acid chain (Daraee et al., 2014; Dua et al., 2012).
Solid-Lipid Hybrid Nanostructures and Their Biomedical Applications
Published in Surender Kumar Sharma, Nanohybrids in Environmental & Biomedical Applications, 2019
Kanwal Akhtar, Yasir Javed, Hafeez Anwar, Khuram Ali, Naveed A. Shad
Glycerophospholipids: Most of the membranes are composed of glycerol backbone, which is an important group of lipids. This group is linked to one phosphate and two fatty acid groups. Phosphate groups are esterified to any of the ethanolamine, alcohol choline, inositol and serine. A unipolar acyl chain is based upon hydrophobic interior of the bilayer lipid; while the head group is charged, therefore, it is hydrophilic (Cajka and Fiehn, 2014).
Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
BR Annapoorna, S Vasudevan, K Sindhu, V Vani, V Nivya, VP Venkateish, P Madan Kumar
Lipids are microbiomolecules and are the building blocks for the unicellular and multicellular organisms. Based on their biochemical subunit origins, they are classified into ketoacyl (fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccrolipids, polyketides, and isoprenes (sterol lipids, prenol lipids). Fatty acids are diverse group of molecules and part of a lipid. Fatty acids are essential nutrients that influence early growth and development in humans. Fatty acid containing more than one carbon double bond are known as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that play an important role in several biological activities and provides certain health benefits. Omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acids are biologically important fatty acids. Several marine microalgae are rich in DHA and EPA next to fatty fishes (Sun et al. 2018; Harwood 2019). Like plant phytosterol, marine microalgae and diatoms also contain various types of sterols such as fucosterols from brown algae, sitosterol from red algae, and stigmasterols from diatoms possess certain biological functions (Tang et al. 2002; Hannan et al. 2020). Glycerophospholipids are the major components of the biological membranes. Polyketides are composed of secondary metabolites and secondary products from animals, plants, and microorganisms. All eight categories of lipids play different roles in biological systems, such as storing energy, acting as structural components, and signaling, among others; although various lipids and fatty acids are synthesized on their own, some of them must be gained from diet. The dietary lipids and fatty acids mostly obtained from marine organisms not only fulfill a role as dietary supplements, but they are also used as therapeutics, nutraceuticals, and more. The past 20 years of marine and biotechnological research exhibited several products including products under clinical trials for various pathological conditions.
Longitudinal metabolic alterations in plasma of rats exposed to low doses of high linear energy transfer radiation
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Tixieanna Dissmore, Andrew G DeMarco, Meth Jayatilake, Michael Girgis, Shivani Bansal, Yaoxiang Li, Khyati Mehta, Vijayalakshmi Sridharan, Kirandeep Gill, Sunil Bansal, John B Tyburski, Amrita K Cheema
In contrast to 3 months, most validated metabolites showed trends toward downregulation at 7 and 12 months. Six out of fifteen metabolites from the glycosphingolipid metabolic pathway showed dysregulation (Supplementary Table 4). Dysregulation of metabolites of both glycerophospholipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways may be indicative of perturbations in the brain and nervous system function.30 Moreover, dysregulations in metabolites like SM(24:1) and ceramide (d34:1) may indicate some brain and central nervous system damage at the 3-month time point. Such metabolic changes might be due to the activation of mitochondrial ceramide synthase and de novo synthesis of ceramide that can contribute to the induction of cell death and possible tissue damage.31
Lipidomic profiling of the Brazilian yellow scorpion venom: new insights into inflammatory responses following Tityus serrulatus envenomation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Tanize Acunha, Bruno Alves Rocha, Viviani Nardini, Fernando Barbosa Jr, Lúcia Helena Faccioli
The relevance of lipids in health and disease has long been recognized. Lipids are widely acknowledged to undergo enzymatic and non-enzymatic conversions to lipid mediators, which play essential roles in various biological activities, including regulating cellular signaling pathways and promoting and resolving inflammation (Kim et al. 2019; Yoon et al. 2021). Lipidomics, or the comprehensive characterization of lipid-based information in biological systems, entails detecting lipids and subsequently profiling lipids and lipid-derived mediators. Lipidomics enables characterization of lipid species and thorough lipid profiling in body fluids, tissues, or cells, as well as a better understanding of the biological roles of lipid networks (Wang et al. 2020; Zhao et al. 2014). The most generally used classification separates lipids into 8 types based upon their functional backbone structure: fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (Checa, Bedia, and Jaumot 2015). In addition, each category comprises several classes and subclasses. Unlike those of metabolites, lipids’ MS/MS spectra are predictive, and in silico libraries can be used. According to the records of LipidBlast software, 119,200 lipids from 26 lipid classes and a total of 212,516 MS/MS spectra are currently available (Lv et al. 2019; Züllig and Köfeler 2021). Recently, a new field of application of untargeted lipidomic approach based upon LC-HRMS was applied by Acunha, Nardini, and Faccioli (2021) to investigate the lipid constituents of venoms of the snake species Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops moojeni. The detected lipids contained bioactive components such as PAF precursor, PAF-like molecules, plasmalogens, Cer, and sphingomyelins with long fatty acid chain lengths, which may be linked to the systemic responses induced by snake venom (Acunha, Nardini, and Faccioli 2021; Bolt 2021). Herein, the lipid profiling of T. serrulatus venom is presented for the first time. Most lipid species detected in the T. serrulatus venom belong to the glycerophospholipid main class. Glycerophospholipids consist of a three-carbon glycerol backbone linked by ester bonds with a phosphate group as the polar head group and two, or one in less frequently, fatty acids as the nonpolar tails. The fatty acids may differ in length (usually 14–24 carbon atoms) and degree of unsaturation (1–4 double bonds). The phosphate group is often di-esterified with a small alcohol molecule, such as choline, ethanolamine, inositol, and serine. The phospholipids are termed with the prefix “phosphatidyl” such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine (Kim and Wang 2020). As essential constituents of biological membranes, glycerophospholipids significantly impact membrane stability and permeability. In addition, glycerophospholipids play a crucial function in signal transduction, ion transport, and chemical transport (Kim and Wang 2020).