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Biomedical and Diagnostic Applications of Iron-based Nanomaterials
Published in Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait, Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 2023
Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait
Recent investigations reveal image-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) to have better substitute therapeutic modality than widely used traditional methods. It is further assumed to have capacity to provide an advanced precision therapy alternative. With current technological advancements in material science, materials with a desired composition and of specific shape and size may be fabricated. However, synthesizing multicomponent materials along with the required specifications still presents challenges to overcome. Malignant cells have a significantly better metabolism rate and higher glucose uptake. This mechanism is used to observe the cancer tissues under PET, consuming enhanced radiolabeled glucose analogy uptake, [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Glucose transporter (Glut) proteins are available in the mammalian cells plasma membrane, providing glucose movement in the cytoplasm. Glut-1 has been reported to provide higher glucose transport in the cancer cells than various other available Glut proteins (Singh 2017). Henceforth, Glut proteins are considered as preferred markers to identify cancer cells/tissues. Glut-1 has been observed to be involved in higher glucose transportation. The association of Glut antibody and IONPs were able detect haemangioma using MRI contrast imaging modality. The investigation focused on the variation of immature haemangioma with respect to the vascular malformation, as Glut-1 exists exclusively in the cells of immature haemangioma (Sohn et al., 2015).
Biological Responses in Context
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
Insulin is a hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans. These are isolated collections of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. The insulin they secrete passes through their cell membranes into the bloodstream, where it pervades the body. Insulin acts on muscle tissue, adipose tissue, some eye tissues, and the pituitary gland to increase glucose uptake. Glucose uptake is not influenced by insulin in the brain, kidney, intestinal mucosa, and red blood cells. In the liver, insulin helps to maintain blood glucose levels by forming glycogen during times of blood glucose excess and by inducing glycolysis when blood glucose levels are low. Thus, insulin helps to maintain homeostasis internal to the BU. Other circulating hormones act to do similar things.
Hypoglycaemia and Hypoglycaemia Awareness
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Glucose reaches the neurons and glial cells of the nervous system by a process of facilitated diffusion involving specialized carrier proteins, the glucose transporters (McCall, 2004). When positioned in the cell membrane, they allow glucose to move down a concentration gradient. The glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) permits transfer of glucose across the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier which then enter the cell bodies of neurons and adjacent glial cells. Neuronal glucose uptake is dependent on the glucose transporter-3 (GLUT-3) and presumably provides the main route of entry for glucose to support cerebral metabolic activity. The role of glial cells in supporting neuronal function has been the subject of recent research. The GLUT-1 glucose transporter is also expressed in glial cells, and it has been assumed that glucose entry is mediated by this mechanism. However, the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter-4 is also expressed, and evidence is emerging that glial cells may store glycogen under the influence of insulin (Brown, 2004). As glucose enters glial cells, it is phosphorylated and it may be stored as glycogen or metabolized to lactate. The latter can then be transported by neurons through the action of monocarboxylate transporters.
Antibacterial and anticancer activity (PANC-1) of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
S. Karthika, P. Kanchana, B. Prabha Devi, S. Shanmuga Sundari
This work primarily focuses on green synthesis method for synthesis of copper oxide from Catharanthus roseus. Researchers reported that Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) (Apocynaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants, due to the presence of the indispensable anti-cancer drugs, i.e., vincristine and vinblastine. Roots of this plant are the main source of the anti-hypertension alkaloid ajmalicine. It contains more than 130 mono-terpenoid indole alkaloids.[25] It has medicinal importance owing to the presence of alkaloids like ajamalicine, serpentine and reserpine, which are well known for their hypotensive and antispasmodic properties.[26] Improving glucose uptake in pancreatic or muscle cells could amend the hyperglycemic conditions of type 2 diabetes.
Multiscale modeling of the dynamic growth of cancerous tumors under the influence of chemotherapy drugs
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Emad Farjami, Mohammad Mahjoob
The number of healthy cells inside the tumor is reduced to a minimum. In this case, the drug causes a slight reduction in the number of healthy cells but kills a significant portion of the cancer cells (Figure 6). If cancer cells reduce, glucose consumption decreases, and its concentration increases (Figure 4). When glucose concentration is high enough, healthy cells can grow again, and their number increases. This process of growth of healthy cells continues in the tumor’s central parts where the cancer cells are destroyed until it reaches a point of equilibrium, but in the tumor’s outer layers, the cancer cells grow again after the concentration of the drug decreases. The growth of cancer cells in the tumor wall increases glucose uptake, resulting in a decrease in glucose concentration and the destruction of healthy cells.
Dietary ingestion of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) and the risk for type-1 diabetes (T1D)
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Isaiah Seise, Zachary A. Pilz, Moses Yeboah Kusi, Bethany Bogan, Brittany Jean McHale, Worlanyo E. Gato
T1D is an incurable autoimmune disorder as a result of the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells found in the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas.[5] Insulin is a hormone that mediates blood glucose uptake into cells. Thus, the destruction of insulin producing cells negatively affects glucose uptake and therefore leads to glucose build up in the bloodstream. The disease is known for elevated levels of blood glucose due to insulin deficiency.[1] The β-cells are attacked by the immune system of the body leading to inadequate insulin secretion.[6] The T-cells of the immune system infiltrate the pancreas due to inflammation from injury or infection.[7] The root cause of the selective destruction of β-cells is not fully known. However, markers of autoimmune destruction such as autoantibodies to islet cells have been observed in 85% to 90% of individuals suffering from type 1 diabetes.[3] Potential signs associated with the diagnosis of T1D include excessive thirst, frequent urination, hunger, and unintentional loss of weight. Patients of T1D rely on lifelong insulin injections to manage the condition.[8]