China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Steam Sterilization in Autoclaves
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Because heat penetration studies can only confirm the temperature and not the other conditions required for effective moist-heat sterilization, microbiological challenges are employed to provide the required necessary assurance that adequate lethality has been delivered to all parts of the load. These are most often conducted in parallel with heat penetration studies and are essential to a rigorous sterilization validation, despite some authorities downplaying the micro-biological challenge in favor of physical data [6]. Calibrated biological indicators used for this purpose function as bio-burden models, providing data that can be employed to calculate F0 or to substantiate and supplement the physical temperature measurements obtained from thermocouples [8]. The microorganisms most frequently used to challenge moist heat sterilization cycles are Geobacillus stearothermophilus. These spore-forming bacteria are selected because of their relatively high heat resistance. For the bio-burden cycles, in addition to the selection of an appropriate organism for use as a biological indicator, the concentration and resistance of the indigenous microbial population is established.
Extremophiles Life of Microorganisms in Extreme Environments
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Rahul Kumar, Ramchander Merugu, Swati Mohapatra, Sneha Sharma, Hemlata
Enzymes obtained from extreme heat-loving microorganisms are of paramount importance as they act as biocatalysts for various industrial applications. Such enzymes can work effectively even at extreme high temperatures (Lopez et al. 2013). The bacterial species such as Bacillus subtilis have antidiarrhoeal properties. This species is also used to produce fermented soybeans, yogurt, ice cream, milk and cheese. The bacterial species Streptococcus thermophilus has a property to boost the immunity of a human body and can also be used in the fermentation of cheese. Brevibacillus borstelensis can be used for the degradation of polyethylene and long-chain hydrocarbons (Hadad et al. 2005, Khalil et al. 2018). Geobacillus stearothermophilus showed significant esterase producing ability, hence it can be used for the production of thermostable esterase (Ghati et al. 2013, Pathak and Rathod 2014). Other applications of hyperthermophiles are: Bioethanol production: Lignocellulose is a non-edible plant which is mostly used in the production of bioenergy or biofuel (Hood 2016). Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable non fossil carbon source. Hyperthermophilic cellulose enzyme produced by Pyrococcus horikoshii is used for cellulose degradation (Wang et al. 2011). Hyperthermophiles are used in cellulytic reaction for sustainable bioethanol production.Starch processing: Starch bioprocessing usually involves high temperature dependent two steps (Pervez et al. 2014): LiquefactionSaccharification
Sterilization Methods
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
A typical sterilization process includes: humidification, injection, exposure, and ventilation to remove the ozone following completion of the cycle. Biological challenges typically utilize Geobacillus stearothermophilus (USP<1229.7>, 2013c; Moldenhauer, 2014).
Optimized expression of large fragment DNA polymerase I from Geobacillus stearothermophilus in Escherichia coli expression system
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Eva Agustriana, Isa Nuryana, Fina Amreta Laksmi, Kartika Sari Dewi, Hans Wijaya, Nanik Rahmani, Danu Risqi Yudiargo, Astadewi Ismadara, Moch Irfan Hadi, Awan Purnawan, Apridah Cameliawati Djohan
In this study, the Bst DNA polymerase gene was synthesized and harbored in the plasmid pD451-SR. The gene was designed following the original sequence of the large-fragment DNA polymerase I gene from Geobacillus stearothermophilus with codon optimization. According to patent no CN106399299A[13], the sequence of the gene has a 1758 bp-nucleotide and encodes a 586 aa-protein with a predicted molecular weight of 67.8 kDa. The enzyme can be functional and thermostable in the temperature range between 25 °C and 75 °C with the optimum temperature at 65 °C[19]. A previous study has reported the full-length of the Bst DNA polymerase I gene consisted of 2648 bp with a predicted molecular weight of 98.6 kDa[20]. Belonging to DNA polymerase type I, Bst DNA polymerase with the complete sequence comprises three kinds of activity: (I) 5′→3′ exonuclease activity, (II) 5′→3′ DNA polymerase activity, and (III) 3′→5′ exonuclease activity[21]. Domains II and III are located in the C-terminus of Bst DNA polymerase and indicated as the large fragment which has no 5′→3′ proofreading exonuclease activity. The sequence gene of the large fragment excludes a 5′ terminal containing up to 876 bp in length, hence a predicted molecular weight of protein translated is decreased to be around 67 kDa[10,22,23]. Bst DNA polymerase used in this study was indicated to belong to the large fragment for sure.
Optimization of zinc bioleaching from paint sludge using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans based on response surface methodology
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Fatemeh Honarjooy Barkusaraey, Roya Mafigholami, Mohammad Faezi Ghasemi, Gholam Khayati
However, only a few studies have been performed on the bioconversion of paint sludge, i.e., composting, which stabilizes the organic matter, decreasing the BETX of biodegradable paint sludge, and biodrying before cement kiln use.[1] For example, Ghomi Avili et al.[4] showed that a combination of Eisenia fetida worms and biological sewage sludge in vermicomposting for 90 days decreased the BTEX, volatile organic matter, pH, and C/N ratio in paint sludge. In a biological recycling study, the toxicity of the base paint sludge (water, oil, and a mixture of other materials) inoculated with bacteria in excess of 50 ml volume was shown to have no effect on the growth and number of thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Also, the amount of water-based paint sludge and the mixture below 5 g/L had no effect on the growth of this bacterium.[5] Santhana et al.[6] investigated the effect of extracting microbes of paint sludge with TiO2 on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. They showed that composite TiO2/PSEM enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation 94% as compared to 85% for synthesized TiO2. Bioleaching, another biodegradation method, has not been studied in the bioconversion of paint sludge. In this study, applying the biodegradation method bioleaching is a novel and innovative approach to the challenge of reducing the contamination of heavy metals from paint sludge.
Toward Efficient Low-Temperature Ozone Gas Sterilization of Medical Devices
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2020
Sandy A. Thill, Marc Spaltenstein
Medical device regulations are extremely demanding, and new sterilization technologies must prove their reliability and effectiveness against the most resistant microorganism. In the case of ozone sterilization, spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus have been recognized to be the most resistant (de Souza Botelho-almeida et al. 2018; Dufresne, Hewitt, and Robitaille 2004; Dufresne, Leblond, and Chaunet 2008; Mahfoudh et al. 2010; Ohkawa et al. 2004; Sakurai et al. 2003). The selection of the biological indicators and the tests of this study were performed following the standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on the guidance for the selection, use and interpretation of results of biological indicators for the sterilization of health-care products (ISO 11138–7:2019). As absolute sterility does not exist, a retreated surgical instrument is defined as ‘sterile’ when a sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10−6 is reached (CEN 2001). In other terms, in 1 million sterilized devices less than one should present a living germ. However, it is not possible to directly prove such low probabilities; therefore, extrapolations of survivor curves can be performed when the characteristics of a sterilization process fulfill certain criteria.