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Airways and oxygen for adult emergencies in the radiology department
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Daniel G. Hankins, William H. Bush
This airway is often called the ‘trumpet’ airway because of its flared end at the nose. This is an ideal airway for patients with clenched teeth or who are semiconscious and will not tolerate an oral airway because of their gag reflex. An appropriate size is chosen, based on the diameter of the nares and the distance from the nose to the angle of the jaw. The well-lubricated tube is inserted into the nose up to the flared end. In general, this is a device for use in adults.
HIV-1 immature virion network and icosahedral capsids self-assembly with patchy spheres
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Brian Ignacio Machorro-Martínez, Anthony B. Gutiérrez, Jacqueline Quintana, Julio C. Armas-Pérez, Paola Mendoza-Espinosa, Gustavo A. Chapela
The appearance of pentagons on a hexagonal network allows to effectively close the structure. But the constructor block, in this case the molecules, must morphologically have the conditions to produce the curvature; this is to say, it must have a conical form. When the models presented here have an angle pentagons are produced but they are not stable. But if , pentagons are adequately stabilised within the network. Measuring HIV-1 Gag dominions diameters, using the complete Gag reconstruction made by Sundquist et al. [7] Figure 1(c), a conical form appears with an angle . On the other hand, Pak et al. [50] using a coarse grain model with 161 beads per Gag finds that when the CA domain forms hexamers during the immature stage, the hexagon diameter obtained by its CA-NTD is larger than the one formed by its CA-CTD. Again, a conical shape is shown. They [50] also conclude that the CA domain induces a curvature on the hexagonal lattice, a fact that helps to bend the cell membrane that will form the HIV-1 virion. Thus, the models introduced here have the capacity to produce pentagons and hexagons with the same structural unit, along with the molecular model conical form, makes the formation of icosahedral capsids possible. Therefore, the only variable that is necessary to select is the angle ϕ, in order to produce one or other capsid.
Analysis of coronavirus envelope protein with cellular automata model
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2022
Raju Hazari, Parimal Pal Chaudhuri
The partial CL Signal graphs derived on evolution of three mutants are shown in Figures 14–16, where amino acid Prolin (P) with nucleotide base triplet (cct) mutated with amino acid Leu (L – ctt) for SARS covid, as noted under (a) and (b). mutation P71L for CoV-2 corresponds to c26402t (original nucleotide base c in location 26402 mutated to base t);mutation P72L for CoV corresponds to c26304t (original nucleotide base c in location 26304 mutated to base t);mutation E7V of HBB Hemoglobin has amino acid Glu (E) at serial location 7 corresponds to nucleotide base triplet (gag – at serial base location 19 to 21), while amino acid Val (V) refers to the base triplet (gtg). Hence E7V mutation at AA level corresponds to a20t mutation on CDS strand.
Probing the interaction of anti-HIV drug Darunavir with dsDNA and HSA using electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Priyanka R. Ipte, Sudipa Manna, Srikant Sahoo, Ashis Kumar Satpati
The protease inhibitor drugs that were administered earlier had the disadvantages associated with the severe side effects, and high manufacturing cost. To overcome the drawbacks, second generation protease inhibitors are being investigated and DRV is one of them.[3] During the final stage of the life cycle of the HIV virus, the Gag and Gag-Pol gene undergoes translation to form polyprotein. The protease is the enzyme which cleaves these polyproteins. On ceasing the post-translational modifications of polyproteins by enzyme protease inhibitor like DRV, the final processing of virion formation is inhibited, which in turn controls the spreading of the active virus to other cells. DRV is administered along with low dose of ritonavir, as a component of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treating the HIV-1 infection. Compared to the earlier generation drugs, DRV has potency against multidrug-resistant strains.[4] DRV works through the inhibition of the dimerization process of HIV-1 protease and its catalytic activity by selectively inhibiting the cleavage of gag and gag-pol polyproteins, which are encoded in the HIV virus-infected cells, thus preventing the formation of mature infectious viral particles.[5] Application of low doses of ritonavir has the additional advantage as it retards the metabolism of DRV by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, due to which the plasma concentration of DRV is increased, thus improving the therapeutic effect of DRV.[6]