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Therapeutic Monitoring of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using fNIRS Assessment
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
While our former studies focused on the effects of inhibitory functions reflected in the go/no-go task performance, inhibition alone is insufficient for explaining the overall mechanism of ADHD for the following reasons. First, recently, several groups have reported that children with ADHD may not always develop hyperactive and frenetic behavior; rather, some are more accurately characterized with hypoactivity, sluggishness, and slow response (Maedgen and Carlson 2000). Second, inattention is considered to represent a distinct neurofunctional impairment in ADHD. Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that ADHD patients, who mainly suffer from inattention, tend to exhibit dysfunction of the frontoparietal network, which has been implicated as one of the main neuronetworks for attention (e.g., Chochon et al. 1999, Peers et al. 2005, Rivera et al. 2005). However, ADHD patients with both inhibition and attention deficit would exhibit dysfunction of the DA system in the prefrontal cortex innervating from the ventral tegmentum (mesocortical pathway) (e.g., Casey et al. 1997, Castellanos 1997, Hale et al. 2000). Thus, more neurocognitive and pharmacological data for attention function are necessary in order to clarify the pathophysiology of ADHD as well as to set neuropharmacological biomarkers.
Exploring construction workers’ brain connectivity during hazard recognition: a cognitive psychology perspective
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Pin-Chao Liao, Xiaoshan Zhou, Heap-Yih Chong, Yinan Hu, Dan Zhang
The strongest information flow was observed to emerge from the sensorimotor cortex of the brain. From an anatomical perspective, the sensorimotor cortex resides roughly in the center of the whole brain, which may also support its role as cognitive ‘hubs’ to extensively interact with brain regions involved in multiple cognitive functions with minimal wiring costs [46]. The spatiotemporal analysis of targets demonstrated that the sensorimotor area actively interacted with brain regions distributed across the whole brain during 200–300 ms post stimulus. These EEG-based findings have revealed more details regarding workers’ cognitive states [47]. In particular, brain connectivity patterns have made clear complex cognitive processes during hazard recognition [48]. This is especially linked with an attention reorientation process reflected by sustained activations in the dorsal frontoparietal regions, which embodies a top-down control mechanism [49]. Converging evidence has shown a decisive role that the frontoparietal attention network plays in selecting relevant environmental information (particularly for threatening stimuli) (see Ptak [50] for a review). This study extends the evidence to construct a hazard recognition task. Consistent with previous findings, driven by internal goals, the dorsal frontoparietal network sends out top-down signals that bias the processing of appropriate stimulus features and locations in the sensory cortex [51,52]. We also found that the dorsal network exerts top-down influences on the visual cortex and that these influences are greater than the reverse bottom-up effects from the visual cortex. This finding is in accordance with observations from previous neuropsychological studies using simple icon stimuli [53,54] and suggests an extensive top-down modulation of sensory representations during hazard retrieval.
Rehabilitative devices for a top-down approach
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Giovanni Morone, Grazia Fernanda Spitoni, Daniela De Bartolo, Sheida Ghanbari Ghooshchy, Fulvia Di Iulio, Stefano Paolucci, Pierluigi Zoccolotti, Marco Iosa
As recently reviewed by Föcker et al. [20], the neuroplastic modifications observed during action videogames primarily took place in areas covering the fronto-parietal networks of attention and executive functions. For example, Bavelier and colleagues [21] used brain imaging to test the hypothesis that action videogames may cause changes in the mechanisms that supervise attention allocation and executive control. For this purpose, they compared attentional network recruitment and distractor processing in action gamers versus non-gamers as attentional demands increased. They found that moving distractors elicited smaller activation of the visual motion-sensitive area (MT/MST) in gamers as compared to non-gamers, suggesting an early filtering of irrelevant information by gamers. As expected, in non-gamers they found larger recruitment of a fronto-parietal network as the attentional demands increased. In contrast, gamers scarcely engaged this network as attentional demands increased. The interpretation of the authors was that the reduced activity in the fronto-parietal network (which is hypothesized to control the allocation of top-down attention) matched well with the hypothesis that players might allocate attentional resources more automatically, permitting a better initial filtering of irrelevant information. Similar results were obtained with an Event Related Potentials paradigm of an attentional visual field task [7]. The authors found increased amplitudes in the later visual ERPs, which are thought to index top–down enhancement of spatial selective attention via increased inhibition of distractors. Finally, several studies showed that videogames affect the dorsal striatum [22,23], the right posterior parietal cortex [24], entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, occipital cortex [25], right hippocampal formation, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as both hemispheres of the cerebellum [23].