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Artificial Intelligence
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
Several cardiovascular risk calculators exist. One of the first was the Framingham risk score (Lloyd-Jones et al. 2004, Pencina et al. 2009). The Framingham risk score provides a number that indicates the likelihood of the patient developing cardiovascular disease within the next ten years. The factors considered are age, sex, total blood cholesterol, history of cigarette smoking, HDL cholesterol levels in blood, and systolic blood pressure. Taken together, these factors can predict cardiovascular disease with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve AUC of ROC of about 0.8 (Günaydin et al. 2016).
PPG Feature Extraction
Published in Mohamed Elgendi, PPG Signal Analysis, 2020
Takazawa et al.[12] demonstrated that the b/a ratio index reflects increased arterial stiffness; hence, the b/a ratio increases with age. Imanaga et al.[13] provided direct evidence demonstrating that the magnitude of the b/a of the APG is related to the distensibility of the peripheral artery. It is also suggested that the magnitude of b/a is a useful non-invasive index of atherosclerosis and altered arterial distensibility. Aiba et al.[102] discussed the parameter −b/a in the exposure group dose dependently decreased with increases in length of working career (duration of exposure to lead and blood lead concentration (Pb-B). The parameter −b/a significantly decreased in subjects with working careers of five years or more and in subjects whose Pb-B was 40μg/100ml or more. Otsuka et al.[103] found that the b/a index is positively correlated to the Framingham risk score. The Framingham risk score has been used to estimate individual risk of cardiovascular heart disease. Their results suggest that the b/a index could contribute to the discrimination of high-risk subjects for cardiovascular heart disease. Baek et al.[14] confirmed that the b/a ratio increases with age. Simek et al.[20] found that the b/a index discriminates independently between subjects with essential hypertension and healthy controls. Also, Zhang et al.[104] found the b/a ratio is associated with hypertension.
Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
The Framingham risk score is a well-recognized tool used to provide a global risk assessment for future ‘hard’ cardiac events, including myocardial infarction and sudden death. Based on gender and age, cholesterol and HDL levels, systolic blood pressure and tobacco use, individuals are categorized as low, intermediate or high risk.
The relationship between occupational stress, health status, and temporary and permanent work disability among security guards in Serbia
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Jovana Jovanović, Ivana Šarac, Stefan Jovanović, Dušan Sokolović, Nenad Govedarović, Jovica Jovanović
On the day of the medical examination, after fasting and taking no medications for the previous 12 h (i.e., since 20:00 the previous evening), for all participants a sample of venous blood was taken between 08:00 and 09:00. For analysis of serum glucose and lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol), blood samples were collected in Vacutest Kima® Serum Clot Activator blood collection tubes, available from Vacutest Kima® S.R.L., Italy (Yunycom, Serbia). Following centrifugation, which was performed within 30 min after the blood withdrawal, the standard enzymatic assays were performed using an ARCHITECT c8000 Abbott System and commercially available kits (Abbott Laboratories, Farmaprom, Serbia). The criteria for the existence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose were set according to the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 1999 and 2005 guidelines [45,46] and the more recent American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2003 and 2016 guidelines [47,48]. Both guidelines were used for diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose, as there is still no worldwide consensus and no clear recommendations on which guidelines should be used according to the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) [49–52]. The existence of dyslipidaemia was established based on the National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria from 2001 [53,54]. The atherogenic risk was also calculated as the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol, as all of these ratios have clinical implications [55–61]. Body height and weight were measured by standardized procedures [62] to the nearest 0.01 m and 0.1 kg, with a wall-mounted stadiometer and calibrated portable-scale TANITA INNER SCAN V BC-545N Segmental Body Composition Monitor (Tanita, Aerolit, Serbia). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in metres) [63]. The workers were classified according to their BMI into four groups: underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (BMI = 8.5–24.9), overweight (BMI = 25.0–29.9) and obese (BMI ≥ 30) [63]. The left upper-arm arterial blood pressures were measured in the morning, after sitting for at least 10 min, by a calibrated mechanic sphygmomanometer and stethoscope (Becton Dickinson, USA), and the average of two measurements was presented as the result. Diagnosis of hypertension was made when the participants had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg [64]. The heart rate was obtained by EKG. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2001 NCEP-ATP III criteria (impaired fasting glucose defined as ≥6.1 mmol/L) [53,54] and the current 2005 American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria (impaired fasting glucose defined as ≥5.6 mmol/L) [65]. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (an absolute 10-year risk for CVD) was estimated based on the Framingham risk score [66].