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Vectored vaccines
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Zeyu Yang, Kumar Subramaniam, Amine Kamen
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a Picornaviridae RNA virus. FMD afflicts cloven-hooved animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, and buffalo with pedal and oronasal vesicular lesions. The virus can be transmitted through aerosol droplets, direct contact, and ingestion with infected animals [57]. There are seven FMDV serotypes, and numerous strains. In most countries throughout Africa and Asia, inactivated vaccines are widely used to control outbreaks. Compared with inactivated vaccines, the next-generation recombinant FMD vaccines that are produced without virulent FMDV strains have more advantages, especially for a rapid response against newly emerging FMDV. In 2012, Adt.A24 FMD vaccine was licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for conditional use to protect cattle [58]. The vaccine used a replication-defective human AdV containing the capsid- and 3C protease-coding regions of the A24 FMDV [59]. Previous studies demonstrated that this vaccine can protect both swine and cattle with 64% efficacy [60].
Animal Connection Challenges
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family and is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. It is a non-enveloped, positive strand, RNA virus. FMDV is a highly contagious virus. It enters the body through inhalation.
Preparation and characterization of polyoxyethylene dehydrated mannitol mono oleate as hydrophilic emulsifier potentially used in w/o/w type adjuvants
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Mengmeng Zhou, Yantao Li, Xiaoqi Chen, Haijun Zhou, Shulan Yang, Xiongwei Qu
Infectious diseases constitute major threats to livestock and the animal production industry worldwide.[1,2] Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, febrile, highly contagious disease that forms vesicular eruptions on the feet and mouths of animals with divided hooves, including swine, cattle and small ruminants.[3–7] The Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus, including seven major serotypes, A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 and Asia 1, as well as many subtypes.[8] The disease is characterized by high fever and vesicular lesions on the mouth, tongue, nose and feet. While most animals recover from the disease, outbreaks typically result in severe economic losses to the livestock industry and long-term quarantines to exports from infected areas.[9] In endemic or high-risk regions, prophylactic vaccination is the primary control measure for disease prevention.[10] However, the efficacy of currently used inactivated FMD vaccines is not optimal and novel vaccine formulations are needed.
Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Bovine Adenovirus (BAdV) genomes among air and surface samples in dairy production
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Agata Stobnicka-Kupiec, Małgorzata Gołofit-Szymczak, Rafał L. Górny, Marcin Cyprowski
The concentrations of viral particles in the air vary and may reach, e.g., for influenza virus up to 104 gc/m3 in health care units, daycare centers, or airplanes and up to 106 gc/m3 in poultry farms (Nikitin et al. 2014; Scoizec et al. 2018). Similarly, the concentrations of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) measured in the air of buildings intended for cattle breeding exceeded 104 gc/m3 (Pacheco et al. 2017). Against this background, the concentrations of bovine viral particles measured in the air in our study were lower and did not exceed 101 gc/m3; however, even low genome levels should not be neglected. It is known that single virus particles may exist in the air, but they tend to aggregate rapidly (Hogan et al. 2005; Verreault et al. 2008). Aggregation speed depends on many factors, including aerosol concentration, the size distribution of airborne particulates, and the thermodynamic conditions (Wichmann et al. 2000). Aggregated particles may easily gravitationally settle onto surfaces (Whyte et al. 2015). Recent studies showed that bovine viruses, like BRSV and BCoV, may be present on work clothes reaching the concentrations from 2 × 102 gc/100 cm2 for BRSV (i.e., values similar to those obtained in our dairy study) to 2 × 106 gc/100 cm2 for BCoV. Moreover, these viruses were also found in human nasal mucosa collected from cattle farm workers (Oma et al. 2018).
Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Burak Ozdemir, Zeynep Kaya, Selim Badur
Latex agglutination assays are easy to apply, low-cost, non-hazardous, nontoxic, able to quickly provide results, and based on the aggregation of latex particles in response to antibody and antigen interactions. Monoclonal antibodies are generally used in latex agglutination assays to diagnose bacteria and viruses and their induced diseases.[61] For example, a latex agglutination assay was used to diagnose several bacteria and viruses such as Leptospira,[62]Burkholderia pseudomallei,[63]Burkholderia mallei,[64]Streptococcus agalactiae,[65]Clostridium difficile,[66]Toxoplasma gondii,[67] rabies virus,[49] swine influenza virus,[68] rotavirus,[69] foot and mouth disease virus,[70] and enterovirus.[71] The current study aims to use anti-M2e IgY antibodies in a latex agglutination test to diagnose the influenza virus considering the advantages of IgY antibodies and M2e peptide.