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Applications of marine polysaccharides in food processing
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Some of the other seaweed polysaccharides used as food additives are fucoidans and laminarins (from brown algae), xylans (certain red and green algae), floridean starch (red algae), ulvans (green algae), and cellulose (in all genera). Fucoidan is a water-soluble, naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharide predominantly present in brown algae cells. Because of their antioxidant properties, fucoidan and laminarin are used to control lipid oxidation in muscle foods (Venugopal 2011a). Floridean starch exhibited low gelatinization temperature, low viscosity, high clarity, and little or no retrogradation on repetitive freeze–thaw cycles, which are useful for their applications in instant noodles and deep-frozen foods (Yu et al. 2002). It facilitates protein precipitation and hence clarifies beer (Belitz et al. 2004). Furcelleran forms thermally reversible gel at 0.2–0.5%, which is useful in puddings, cake fillings, and icings, and in processed meat products, such as spreadable meat. The gel has an advantage over pectin in marmalades since it is stable at sugar concentrations at 50–60%.
Biorefinery Approach to the Use of Macroalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels
Published in Leonel Pereira, Algal Biofuels, 2017
Ana M. Lopez-Contreras, Paulien F.H. Harmsen, Xiaoru Hou, Wouter J.J. Huijgen, Arlene K. Ditchfield, Bryndis Bjornsdottir, Oluwatosin O. Obata, Gudmundur O. Hreggvidsson, Jaap W. van Hal, Anne-Belinda Bjerre
Red macroalgae have a red colour which is caused by the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin pigments. These mask the green colour of the chlorophyll a, beta-carotene, and a number of unique xanthophyll pigments. Red macroalgae can be divided into three subgroups based on their cell wall polysaccharides. The first subgroup, including Palmaria palmata, contains the cell wall polysaccharide xylan (Lahaye et al. 2003). Xylan consists of the repeating pentose sugar xylose (Fig. 4.5). P. palmata builds reserves using floridean starch and non-structural soluble floridoside. Floridean starch is a polysaccharide built-up of a-1,4-glucosidic linked glucose. Floridoside is a non-structural glycerol galactoside.
Application of algae as low cost and effective bio-adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from wastewater: a review study
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2020
Abolhasan Ameri, Sajad Tamjidi, Faeghe Dehghankhalili, Arezoo Farhadi, Mohammad Amin Saati
Rhodophytes are characterized by their floridean pigments, which are reddened by coating the green chlorophyll. Most Rhodophyta grow near the tropical and subtropical coasts. They are distributed in the world's major oceans and grow mainly in shaded areas with warm and calm water. Red algae are also found in the deepest waters [109]. Phycobilisomes and cyanobacteria enable red algae to photosynthesize even in dim light. Cyanobacteria and red algae have antenna structures that can absorb light at a very low intensity. These antennas are arranged as complexes above the membrane, and membrane processes near the photosystem reaction centres. These complexes, called phycobilisome, are composed of proteins (phycobiliproteins), which are covalently related to phycobilins. Phycobilins are open-chain tetr-apyrroles and are therefore structurally related to chlorophylls [115]. Red algae are one of the oldest plants on earth. It has a simple vascular system, tissues such as leaves and sporangia. Their evolution need the development of a vascular transport system, durable body structure, DNA repair functions and signal transduction capability [116]. Red algae, as a storage product, produce granular as floridean starch in the cytoplasm, which is different from green algae starch. In addition to these unique features, monochromatic red algae are strongly supported by nuclear, plastic and mitochondrial gene trees [117].