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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial condyloid joint formed between the head (condyle) of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (Fig. 3.50). The anterior part of the mandibular fossa, with which the head of the mandible articulates when the mouth is opened, is termed the articular tubercle. The joint capsule is attached superiorly to the rim of the articular surface and inferiorly to the neck of the mandible. The capsule is strengthened laterally to form the lateral or temporomandibular ligament. Intrinsically there is an interarticular disc (meniscus) that divides the joint into the superior and inferior cavities. It is attached to the periphery of the capsule and is situated over the head of the mandible, projecting anteriorly towards the tubercle. A number of small muscles combine to produce depression, elevation, protrusion, retraction and lateral movements of the mandible. These movements are complex, and the action of opening the mouth results in the head of the mandible moving downwards and forwards. Excessive movement can result in anterior dislocation of the head of the mandible on the articular tubercle. The joint derives its blood supply from the temporal and maxillary branches of the external carotid artery.
Neuroimaging
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o The external carotid artery has branches in the neck: ascending pharyngeal, superior thyroid, lingual, facial and occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal and maxillary (Fig. 1.26). This mnemonic may help memory:
The protective mechanism underlying total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD) effects on rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Peng Wu, Xu-sheng Yan, Yu Zhang, Dong-sheng Huo, Wei Song, Xin Fang, He Wang, Zhan-jun Yang, Jian-xin Jia
The MCAO animal model was produced as described by Sim et al. (2016) and Park et al. (2017). Rats were fasted 12 hr prior to the operation, fixed in a stereotaxic frame and anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate via intraperitoneal (ip) injection. A 2 cm midline left side incision was made on the neck to search and expose the external carotid artery (ECA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA). The isolated vessels were tied in the sequential order of ECA, CCA followed by ICA with silk sutures. A V shape incision cut was performed in the ICA and a thread coated with poly-lysine (diameter, 0.28 mm) inserted into the ICA to occlude the middle cerebral artery (MCA), which was further advanced until the thread approached the starting point of the MCA. The incision was then tied, the left MCA occluded for 2 hr and subsequently the MCA was re-perfused. The suture was moved approximately 2 mm in the MCA to enable occluded blood to flow. When this process was finished, animals were immediately returned to a single cage.
The protective mechanism underlying total flavones of Dracocephalum (TFD) effects on rat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Peng Wu, Xu-sheng Yan, Yu Zhang, Dong-sheng Huo, Wei Song, Xin Fang, He Wang, Zhan-jun Yang, Jian-xin Jia
The MCAO animal model was produced as described by Sim et al. (2016) and Park et al. (2017). Rats were fasted 12 hr prior to the operation, fixed in a stereotaxic frame and anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate via intraperitoneal (ip) injection. A 2 cm midline left side incision was made on the neck to search and expose the external carotid artery (ECA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA). The isolated vessels were tied in the sequential order of ECA, CCA followed by ICA with silk sutures. A V shape incision cut was performed in the ICA and a thread coated with poly-lysine (diameter, 0.28 mm) inserted into the ICA to occlude the middle cerebral artery (MCA), which was further advanced until the thread approached the starting point of the MCA. The incision was then tied, the left MCA occluded for 2 hr and subsequently the MCA was re-perfused. The suture was moved approximately 2 mm in the MCA to enable occluded blood to flow. When this process was finished, animals were immediately returned to a single cage.