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Tissue Engineering and Application in Tropical Medicine
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Tuberculosis is an important respiratory tract infection. This infection is considered as a common chronic respiratory disease. The patient might have chronic cough and can develop hemoptysis. Weight loss is also a common clinical presentation. The tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium pathogen. The infection is detectable in several tropical developing countries and the infection is considered the big public health problem globally. The standard management of tuberculosis is the antituberculosis drug treatment. The role of tissue engineering for management of tuberculosis is interesting. The use of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is the good example of applied tissue engineering for tuberculosis management (Joshi et al., 2015). In a recent study by Skrahin et al. (2014), it is proven that autologous mesenchymal stromal cell infusion is an effective adjunct treatment in patient with multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. In this alternative therapeutic approach, there are some observable adverse effects of stem cell therapy including nausea and diarrhea (Skrahin et al., 2014).
Biological Agents
Published in Katarzyna Majchrzycka, Małgorzata Okrasa, Justyna Szulc, Respiratory Protection Against Hazardous Biological Agents, 2020
The second occupational hazard for health and social service workers, after hepatitis B and C, is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis of occupational origin is recorded almost exclusively in these professions. Tuberculosis usually affects the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis), but it can also affect the skin, skeletal system, reproductive system, central nervous system and other internal organs. The increasing number of cases of Multidrug-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB), recorded by the WHO, is becoming a serious problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a high risk of infection due to their low susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions, including low water requirements. Infection is usually spread by droplet transmission from a sputum smear-positive patient, who may release bacterial aerosol during coughing, sneezing, speaking or even laughing. Particularly hazardous hospital areas include patient rooms, especially isolated rooms for sputum smear-positive patients, bronchoscopy, spirometry and diagnostic laboratories, as well as autopsy, surgical and intensive care rooms [CDC 2005]. A new threat to healthcare professionals related to the pandemic announced by WHO in 2020 is SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 disease. It is worth to emphasise, that infections causing viral pneumonia may lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and even death [Lai 2020; Uddin 2020; Zhang 2020; Zou 2020].
Ground-Level Pollution, Invasive Species, and Emergent Diseases
Published in Elizabeth A. Hoppe, Ethical Issues in Aviation, 2018
Commercial air travel can rapidly spread diseases by transporting infected people long distances so rapidly that, given the incubation period for diseases, their most serious symptoms have not yet become apparent during their travel period, and by retaining a large number of people in very close proximity to one another, sharing very limited restroom facilities and breathing recycled air. Several diseases have come to the fore as worthy of special concern in terms of air travel, such as: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB), and the possibility of a variant of the avian influenza (H5N1) emerging that allows easy human-to-human transmission. These diseases have all emerged as threats because of a global environment characterized by areas of overcrowding and poverty, very high-density farming of animals to supply a rapidly growing global hunger for meat, and the overuse or poor implementation of antibiotic therapies. We did not simply find these diseases; rather, to some extent our actions and lifestyles created them, and their threat to us is real.
Syntheses and structural characterization of metal complexes of 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methylene)thiosemicarbazide: their in-vitro screening studies for antitubercular activity
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Pooja Lokesh Hegde, Krishna Naik, Satish S. Bhat, Sabiha A. Shaikh, Ray J. Butcher, Naveen S., N. K. Lokanath, Vidyanand K. Revankar
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the top ten reasons for death across the globe. In 2019, 10 million TB cases were reported worldwide, of which more than 1.2 million cases were fatal [1]. Certain TB strains have developed resistance to the two most potent TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, leading to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) [2]. Similarly, some TB strains have also developed resistance to fluoroquinolone and one of the second-line drugs (amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin) in addition to MDR-TB leading to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) [3]. This makes treating MDR and XDR-TB expensive and complicated, posing a serious threat to humanity [4–7]. Therefore, many research groups across the world are working diligently to develop an effective antitubercular treatment [8,9]. In these studies, molecules derived from the thiosemicarbazide core have exhibited promising activity as anti-TB agents (Figure 1) [10–12]. The mechanism of action for thiosemicarbazone is poorly known. From this chemical class, thiacetazone (one of the oldest and cheapest second-line drugs available) has given some elusive results on the mechanism of action for the anti-TB drug. It has been shown that thiacetazone affects mycolic acid synthesis in TB bacteria [13]. In many cases complexation of the ligand having a thiosemicarbazone scaffold has shown improved activity [14]. Thiosemicarbazide and its derivatives have a wide range of biological applications. To name a few, these are used to combat HIV-TB co-infection [15], tumors [16], malaria [17], and fungal infections [18].