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Role of AI and ML in empowering and solving problems linked to COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Deeptarup Biswas, Gaurish Loya, Graham Roy Ball
The role of AI and ML has supported and aided in a different spectrum during this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Cooperation across governments, public, and private sectors has aided in the launch of many portals like the COVID-19 portal by Google (Cresswell, Williams, and Sheikh 2021). Apart from Google, multiple dashboards and web-based portals provide COVID-19 related information (Dong, Du, and Gardner 2020). The role of AI and ML has been shown in healthcare, disease management, and clinical research more. Different drug repurposing strategies based on artificial intelligence were rapidly growing, which has decreased the time taken for experimental drug discovery and vaccine development (Bohr and Memarzadeh 2020). ML-based strategies were found to be a boon during this pandemic, where scientists were able to accelerate vaccine development by predicting effective and robust binding sites (Ong et al. 2020). Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) were found to be an essential diagnostic aspect for severe cases, which has also been used to predict severity using AI and ML assisting diagnosis (Mei et al. 2020). Biomarker identification using omics approaches with AI and ML has also been accelerated throughout the globe, which has resulted in a better understanding of COVID-19 severity and biology (Yao et al. 2020; Shu et al. 2020). In addition, AI and ML have contributed to the classification of disease-associated issues like predicting people’s mental health, country-wise risk prediction, and recovery (Dawel et al. 2020). Overall, there has been tremendous support from AI and ML, which is helping to fight COVID-19 and making life easier.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
4-Aminopyridine, a pyridine compound, is an extremely effective bird poison. In agriculture, 4-AP is used as an extremely effective bird poison sold under the brand name Avitrol. It is highly toxic to all mammals including humans if dosages are exceeded, and as an experimental drug, the recommended dose data is unavailable. 4-Aminopyridine blocks the potassium channels in neurons. It should be borne in mind that this is an experimental drug and its side effects are uncertain. Dosages should be carefully regulated, as potassium is a chemical that is used extensively in other parts of the body, including heart functions.
Overcoming the Challenges of Translational Research
Published in Jeff J. H. Kim, Richard Um, Rajiv Iyer, Nicholas Theodore, Amir Manbachi, Design and Development of Smart Surgical Assistant Technologies, 2022
Jeff J. H. Kim, Richard Um, Rajiv Iyer, Nicholas Theodore, Amir Manbachi
If we are given a task to scavenge for dinosaur fossils in the middle of a desert, we would be better equipped with a forklift than a spoon. Likewise, drug discovery and medical device research can greatly benefit from tools that significantly expedite the process. There are many promising tools in development today that can make it happen. First, there are tissue-on-chip and organ-on-chip platforms that facilitate drug discovery by mimicking the cell–tissue interaction in vitro. Scientists are able to use these platforms to accurately model the drug pharmacological effects on an affordable platform. Liver-on-chip technology can also screen for drug toxicity to determine the safety of an experimental drug.3 This can not only save research expenditure but can also save time by reducing the chance of failure in human clinical trials. Next are the developments in imaging technology that can visualize our bodies faster and more accurately than before. One of these is near-infrared laser speckle imaging, which can precisely image blood vessels and capillaries. These imaging modalities can accurately depict real-time effects of drugs and medical devices.4 Last but not least, leaps in AI have large implications for drug discovery. Isomorphic, a company started under Alphabet, is developing an AI algorithm based on DeepMind's protein-folding predicting ability to scan through molecules that can suitably act on a target. This is a significant improvement over the trial and error method used to identify fitting molecular shapes and saves time in drug candidate isolation. AI is also put to work to predict the drug-to-drug and drug-to-enzyme interaction, recognizing drug toxicity in advance. Ultimately, funding these research projects that accelerate translational processes provides a great return, as more translational research can be conducted in a shorter time frame.
Efficient eco-friendly syntheses of dithiocarbazates and thiosemicarbazones
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2020
Nur Halilatul Sadiqin O. Ali, Malai Haniti S. A. Hamid, Nurul Amirah ‘Aqilah Mohamad ‘Asri Putra, Hajar Azirah Adol, Aminul Huq Mirza, Anwar Usman, Tasneem A. Siddiquee, Md. Rejaul Hoq, Mohammad R. Karim
Schiff bases of S-alkyl/aryl dithiocarbazates and thiosemicarbazide containing the azomethine group (–CH = N–) have attracted much attention because of their diverse biological and pharmacological properties (10–12). In particular, heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones have antibacterial, antimalarial, antiviral, and antitumour activities. Thiosemicarbazones were the first true antiviral substances synthesized and their potential was only realized after a number of random events had taken place (13). In fact, thiosemicarbazones were the first compounds found to be antiviral active in virus-infected animal tests (13). Among all the thiosemicarbazones and dithiocarbazates studied so far, the compound that has attracted considerable attention as a potent anticancer agent is triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehydethiosemicarbazone). It is an experimental drug that has entered several Phase I and Phase II clinical trials as an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent (14). It also has intrinsic fluorescent properties at 360 nm which enable researchers to monitor the uptake and intracellular distribution of this drug in human cancer cells.
The Placebo and Nocebo effect on sports performance: A systematic review
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Philip Hurst, Lieke Schipof-Godart, Attila Szabo, John Raglin, Florentina Hettinga, Bart Roelands, Andrew Lane, Abby Foad, Damian Coleman, Chris Beedie
Historically, placebos are used as a control treatment that is theoretically indistinguishable from the experimental treatment, but without the essential biological or mechanical active component. The “true” treatment effect is reported as the difference between the effect of the experimental drug/substance/method compared to the effect of the placebo, while the magnitude of placebo effects is the difference between the effect of the placebo and any change in performance in a control group given no treatment. However, the magnitude of the placebo effect can be misattributed to other phenomena, such as response biases, regression to the mean and natural history of the condition under investigation. It is therefore important that any estimate of the magnitude of the placebo and nocebo effect is interpreted in carefully designed investigations in which a placebo is compared with a natural history control group or baseline condition (i.e. where participants receive no treatment of any kind).
Synthesis, structural characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA incision evaluation and binding investigation studies on copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of benzothiazole cored Schiff bases
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Sreenu Daravath, Aveli Rambabu, Narendrula Vamsikrishna, Nirmala Ganji, Shiva Raj
Benzoheterocycles such as benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles can serve as unique and versatile scaffolds for experimental drug design. Among them, benzothiazole has a prominent place in research area, mainly in synthetic as well as in medicinal chemistry because of its important and powerful pharmacological activities [13–17]. Schiff base ligands are excellent chelating agents, mainly when a functional group such as –OH is present near the azomethine (–HC = N) group to form a five- or six-membered chelate ring with the metal ion. Schiff base ligands are considered privileged ligands because of their easy preparation and synthetic flexibility. Schiff bases and their metal complexes play a key role in understanding the coordination chemistry of transition metal ions. The imine (−C = N–) group of Schiff base ligands provide an opportunity for the stupendous biological activities and also have various applications in analytical chemistry, agrochemicals, catalysis, food and dye industry [18–22]. In the last few years, it was reported that complexes containing benzothiazole Schiff bases have been widely studied as they exhibit interesting photo-physical and fluorescent properties [23]. Synthesis, characterization, biological activity and DNA-interaction of metal complexes of various benzothiazole and isoxazole Schiff bases were reported earlier from our laboratory [24–27]. In view of the above facts, herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, DNA-interaction, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of newly synthesized copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of 6-amino benzothiazole Schiff bases.