China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Psychogenic theory
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
As an example, consider the phenomenon labeled “paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction” (VCD) presenting as asthma. Christopher et al. (1983) demonstrated that VCD was a respiratory disorder of the upper rather than the lower airway, and therefore it had been mistakenly diagnosed and treated as asthma. The psychogenic nature of VCD and its diagnosis as a somatoform conversion disorder have been replicated in several studies (Brown et al., 1988; Freedman et al., 1991; Selner et al., 1987; Snyder and Weiss, 1989). VCD masquerading as exercise-induced asthma has also been identified in elite athletes who “choke” during athletic activities, providing an excuse for not meeting self-imposed or parental expectations of perfectionism (McFadden and Zawadski, 1996).
Does Formaldehyde Cause Allergic Respiratory Disease?
Published in Richard B. Gammage, Stephen V. Kaye, Vivian A. Jacobs, Indoor Air and Human Health, 2018
Charles E. Reed, Evangelo Frigas
The final diagnoses were as follows: habitual cough (case 1); possible asthma, now inactive and unrelated to formaldehyde exposure (cases 4, 6, 9 and 10); history of mild exercise-induced asthma, unrelated to formaldehyde exposure (case 11); mild to moderate asthma of the nonallergic variety, unrelated to formaldehyde exposure (cases 5, 7, 12 and 13); and no respiratory diagnosis (cases 2, 3 and 8). in addition, some of the patients had a secondary diagnosis of vasomotor rhinitis and nasal polyps (cases 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 13) plus hyperplastic sinusitis (cases 4 and 5).
Drug Targeting to the Lung: Chemical and Biochemical Considerations
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Peter A. Crooks, Narsimha R. Penthala, Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem
H1-receptors have been looked at with renewed interest as potential anti-asthmatic drugs (Bousquet et al. 1992, Wang et al. 2011). Such compounds, when given in adequate dosage, not only protect significantly against antigen and exercise-induced asthma, but also produce bronchodilation comparable with that seen after inhaled isoproterenol and salbutamol. As in the case of bronchodilator receptors, few attempts have been made to determine the distribution of histamine receptors in the human respiratory tract. It is well known that histamine is used in tests of bronchial reactivity. Histamine receptors are generally thought to reside in the large airways because centrally deposited aerosolized histamine results in significant histamine receptor-mediated responses. However, Ryan et al. (1981) have not confirmed this, although it is not known whether adequate differences between peripherally and centrally deposited aerosols were achieved in their studies. Previously, the drawback to using the antihistamines included their marked individual variation in response between patients, specificity of histamine receptor antagonism, and dose and route given. More importantly, the H1-receptor antagonists were unsuitable for diurnal use because of their marked sedation as a consequence of central nervous system (CNS) uptake. Advances in this drug discovery area (Shaw 1989, Canonica and Blaiss 2011, Jones 2016) have included the development of H1 antagonists with no H2-, α-, β-receptor activity, no demonstrable anti-cholinergic and anti-5-hydroxytryptamine activity, and no ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The drug terfenadine (8) represents the first example of this class of non-sedating antihistamine possessing the previously mentioned characteristics and exhibits no significant sedation in dosages up to 200 mg three times daily (Cheng and Woodward 1982). Terfenadine and the related drug astemizole (9) represent two established drugs of this class marketed in the United States.
Cycling performance is superior for time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial in endurance laboratory tests
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Sarah L. Coakley, Louis Passfield
Seventeen trained male road cyclists were recruited as participants for this study (mean ± SD: age = 31 ± 9 y, body mass = 70.7 ± 9.9 kg, with a maximal aerobic power (MAP) of 366 ± 52 W and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) of 60.4 ± 8.4 ml.kg−1.min−1). All participants had been involved in a minimum of 250 km or 10 h of cycle training per week. Participants were excluded if they were on any medication, reported heart problems, exercise-induced asthma or an injury that would interfere with testing. All participants gave their written informed consent to participate in this study that had been approved by the University of Kent’s ethics committee.