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Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The signs and symptoms of mild exposure to irritant gases that are relatively soluble in aqueous solutions (e.g., ammonia, chlorine, and sulfur dioxide) are likely to be confined to the upper respiratory system. In response, an individual may experience one or more of the following: sneezing, nasal catarrh, unpleasant smell or taste, soreness of the throat, smarting of the eyes, and lacrimation. More intense exposure extends the involvement to the central airways of the tracheobronchial tree. Cough, sputum, pain, or constriction of the chest, and in the event of bronchospasm, shortness of breath and wheezing, may be present. The most intense exposures damage the alveolar-capillary membrane of the lung. The consequence is edema. Depending on the amount of edema that forms, an individual may suffer extreme shortness of breath, dusky discoloration of the mucus membranes and cyanosis of the nail beds, blood-tinged sputum mixed with foam, and collapse.
Deep Learning and Multimodal Artificial Neural Network Architectures for Disease Diagnosis and Clinical Applications
Published in Om Prakash Jena, Bharat Bhushan, Nitin Rakesh, Parma Nand Astya, Yousef Farhaoui, Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Efficacy Improvement of Healthcare Systems, 2022
India has 18% of the world's population, but according to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), India bears 32% of the global burden of respiratory diseases. Pollution is the biggest contributor to this disease burden. If the doctor thinks that there is an issue with the lungs, the location and type of certain breathing sounds can possibly help figure out the cause. Auscultation of the lungs is an important respiratory examination and helps diagnose various lung diseases. The high-pitched whistling noise that can occur while breathing in or out is known as wheezing. Doctors typically use a stethoscope to detect the breath sounds of the patient. Faint heart murmurs and rales in the lungs might lead to a false diagnosis. The recurrent neural network (RNN) is trained with analyzing the breathing sounds to ease the examination by the cardiologists. RNN has the ability to remember the events that happened in the past, and that can be used to predict future outcomes. This principle can be used in medical diagnosis to ascertain the status of the patient based on previous clinical data sets. The output of the RNN can be calculated as y=σ(W0ht) where W0 is a matrix contains parameters of the model, ht a vector contains hidden states of the neural network, σ is the logistic sigmoid activation function. The hidden state of the RNN, based on current input, xt can be represented as ht=f(ht−1,xt)
Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Mentha piperita green-formulated gold nanoparticles and its effect on ovalbumin-induced asthma and lung pathological changes in rats
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Wenxia Yi, Ruidong Chen, Fei Xie, Chunyan Xu, Wenqiu Tian
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by reversible obstruction of the small airways. Symptoms include attacks of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing (classic triad). It may wake the person up due to the severity of the symptoms or lead to hypoxia, cyanosis, and suffocation [9–12]. Causes (triggers) mentioned for asthma include: Infections (especially viral types); Pollutants, some medications, some occupations, exercise and psychological causes. In both conventional and traditional Iranian medicine, there are treatments for asthma that fall into two categories: For immediate control and for long-term control [10–12]. Traditional medicine uses methods for immediate control of asthma to divert phlegm to places other than the airways and lungs, and for long-term control of phlegm excretion from the body in general [9–11]. To link herbal medicines in the world's pharmacopoeias to the advice of scholars in traditional medicine texts in the treatment of asthma, extensive searches were made in a number of reputable herbal medicine books available in pharmacopoeias of some developed countries [10–12]. In total, about 130 plants and their products with anti-shortness of breath and asthma properties were found, of which about 30 are specific and specific cases for the treatment of asthma. To date, the use of nanotechnology continues to provide numerous benefits in the treatment of various chronic diseases and leads to significant improvements in treatment outcomes [9–12]. The use of nano-based delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles and nanoparticles in pulmonary drug delivery has shown a promising strategy in achieving drug deposition and maintaining controlled drug release in the lungs. They have been widely used to minimise the risks of drug toxicity in the body [9–11].
A comparison of asthma prevalence in adolescents living in urban and semi-urban areas in northwestern Iran
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Zahra Sabeti, Khalil Ansarin, Ensiyeh Seyedrezazadeh, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Venus Zafari, Saeed Dastgiri, Mohammad Shakerkhatibi, Akbar Gholampour, Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali, Reza Ghasemzadeh, Yalda Torabi, Behzad Mohammadi
The eight asthma-related symptoms, including wheezing at any time, wheezing or whistling in chest in the past 12 months, attacks of wheezing in the past 12 months, sleep disturbance by wheezing in the past 12 months, speech limitation by wheezing in the past 12 months, physician-diagnosis of asthma, exercise-induced wheeze in the past 12 months, and woken by an attack of cough in the past 12 months were surveyed using the standardized core symptom questionnaire of the ISAAC.