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Toxic Responses of the Nervous System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
lowing repeated, prolonged exposure to some solvents (i.e., occupational exposure or exposure from deliberate self-administration of solvents). The encephalopathy is characterized by wasting of the brain matter and dilation of the fluid-filled cavities in the brain with resulting motor dysfunction and impaired mental functions.
Concussion biomechanics, head acceleration exposure and brain injury criteria in sport: a review
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
The high-speed contact nature of many sports means concussion and repetitive head acceleration events (HAE) are an issue. HAE that do not result in an acute concussion could be considered synonymous to subconcussive events (Bailes et al., 2013). The concerns mainly surround the incidence of concussion and head acceleration exposure sustained during an athlete’s playing career on neurodegenerative disease risk, most notably Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) (Bailes et al., 2013; Hume et al., 2017; Stern et al., 2011). Past and potential lawsuits involving retired athletes who believe they were not warned of these risks has not only fuelled interest in the area beyond the field of science but ensured player welfare and protection is now paramount in sport (Sirisena et al., 2017). A concussion occurring within a sporting context is referred to as a ‘sports related concussion’ (SRC) and the definition appears to evolve with new Concussion in Sport Group consensus statements (Mccrory et al., 2017). However, the definitions generally agree that sports related concussions are traumatic brain injuries ‘induced by biomechanical forces’ (Mccrory et al., 2017), indicating the important role of biomechanics in fully understanding this injury. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of concussion biomechanics, head acceleration exposure and brain injury criteria in sport as well as past and future directions of research in this area.
A mesoscale finite element modeling approach for understanding brain morphology and material heterogeneity effects in chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
A. Bakhtiarydavijani, G. Khalid, M. A. Murphy, K. L. Johnson, L. E. Peterson, M. Jones, M. F. Horstemeyer, A. C. Dobbins, R. K. Prabhu
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease common to a range of contact sports (Bailes et al. 2013). Parker (1934) first documented CTE, also known as punch drunk syndrome or dementia pugilistica, in boxers. This neurodegeneration has since been identified in multiple sports, including boxing (Saing et al. 2012), wrestling (Cajigal 2007), soccer (Geddes et al. 1999), and American professional football (Omalu et al. 2005). More recently, a postmortem study of National Football League (NFL) players found 110 out of 111 of the brains examined suffered from CTE (Mez et al. 2017). Considering the progressive nature of this disease and the lack of sufficient protection through protective gear and guidelines, further study of this disease and its underlying causes can help identify preventive measures and thus benefit the quality of life of these individuals.
Complexions therapy and severe intoxication by Thallium salts
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Maria Rayisyan, Natalia Zakharova, Liudmila Babaskina
Thus, the clinical picture of severe poisoning with thallium salts is characterized by symptoms of damage to the digestive system, such as abdominal pain, vomiting and/or nausea, diarrhea, and less often – bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract. Besides, particular disorders of the central nervous system, such as disturbance of consciousness up to coma, the onset of seizures, delirium, and toxic encephalopathy, and peripheral nervous systems, such as pain in the extremities, paresthesia, and tremor were noticed. Among other symptoms are the appearance of cardiac rhythm disorders, repolarization changes, and the presence of myocardial ischemia zones. Complex therapy with the use of potassium-iron hexacyanoferrate and deferasirox contributed to the rapid elimination of clinical manifestations of thallium salts poisoning, increased thallium elimination from the body by increasing its excretion with feces and urine, reduced the activity of ALAT (from 104.75 ± 4.81 to 26.99 ± 1.14 U/L, p < 0.05), AspAT by 3.8 times (from 126.04 ± 3.92 U/L to 26.44 ± 1.66 U/L, p < 0,05), GGT (218.96 ± 9.75 to 31.61 ± 1.54 U/L, p < 0.05) and LDH (from 442.45 ± 11.5 to 193.16 ± 3.28 U/L, p < 0.05), as well as promoted normalization of electrolyte balance. Study of the remote effects of severe intoxication by thallium salts on the human body and development of an effective therapy scheme to correct identified disorders.