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Endogenous Bioelectric Phenomena and Interfaces for Exogenous Effects
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Polarization is the first step in preparing and initiating migration for tissue and organ formation, regeneration, and wound healing. Interestingly, bioelectric factors override most chemical gradients. In vitro experiments revealed that many cell types prefer to migrate to the cathode when the externally applied field strengths is around 0.1–10 V/cm (electrotaxis), e.g., neural crest cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, chondrocytes, rat prostate cancer cells, and many epithelial cell types (47, 88–92). In contrast, only a few cell types move to the anode, among them corneal endothelial cells, bovine lens epithelium, human granulocytes, and human vascular endothelial cells (20). Both speed and direction of the movement are voltage dependent. Electrotaxis as the movement of cells along an EF gradient is further modulated by species and cell subtype differences. For example, SAOS (an osteosarcoma cell line) migrate in the opposite direction than rat calvaria osteoblasts in primary cell cultures (93).
in vitro studies and clinical trials
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
The rationale for use of ES is the potential at the epidermis, which is known as transepithelial potential (TEP) and varies between 10 and 60 mV (average, 23 mV) (Foulds and Barker 1983). The TEP is caused by the concentration of negative chlorine ions at the surface and positive sodium and potassium ions in the tissues. During wounding, this epithelial seal is broken. The TEP collapses to 0 mV at the wound edge and ions begin to leak out, establishing an “injury current” (10–100 μA) accompanied by its electric field (EF), 140 mV/mm, which rapidly falls to 0 mV/mm only 2–3 mm away from the wound edge (Foulds and Barker 1983). Depending on the EF direction, healthy cells will be attracted or repelled and the speed and direction of their motility (electrotaxis) will be influenced by this (McCaig et al. 2005; Cheng et al. 1995).
Caenorhabditis elegans
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Pouya Rezai, Sangeena Salam, P. Ravi Selvaganapathy, Bhagwati P. Gupta
C. elegans has a well-developed chemosensory system to detect a wide variety of volatile and water-soluble chemicals in the environment. This allows the animal to find food, avoid harmful substances, and modulate physiological conditions such as diapause. All these responses are mediated by certain neurons located primarily in the head and tail regions. Additionally, C. elegans contains thermosensory and mechanosensory neurons to sense temperature and external substances (e.g., soil particles) that make physical contacts with the animal in its habitat. While these behaviors have been studied in significant detail and genes and mechanisms are identified, a few others such as responses to light (phototaxis) and electric field (electrotaxis) are poorly characterized.
Self-assisted wound healing using piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Fu-Cheng Kao, Hsin-Hsuan Ho, Ping-Yeh Chiu, Ming-Kai Hsieh, Jen‐Chung Liao, Po-Liang Lai, Yu-Fen Huang, Min-Yan Dong, Tsung-Ting Tsai, Zong-Hong Lin
Previous studies have characterized the molecular pathways through which these cells interpret and respond to an EF [30,31]. The therapeutic effect of EF stimulation for wound healing was first observed in the mid- to late 20th century [32,33]. Since then, EFs have been considered essential for direction of cellular processes that naturally promote orderly healing [24,34]. Indeed, electrical stimulation via an electrode can reduce edema around the electrode; stimulate granulation tissue growth; increase blood flow, fibroblast proliferation and collagen production; induce epidermal cell migration; and promote epithelial growth and organization [35]. As regards the development of pre-clinical wound healing applications, EF stimulation has been shown to optimize wound remodeling by promoting more effective fibroblast recruitment and collagen deposition [36–39]. Directed cell migration is essential for wound healing, and EFs arise naturally in biological tissues during development and healing [40]. EFs generated in vitro and in vivo may also guide cell movement through a process called electrotaxis, and in vitro studies have shown that a wide variety of biological cells naturally sense and follow direct-current EFs [41–43]. Some cells migrate toward the cathode (e.g. fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells) [29,30,44,45], whereas others (e.g. endothelial cells) migrate toward the anode [46,47]. These electrical mechanisms contribute to cell localization in various physiological environments [41–43].