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Biotransformation of Xenobiotics in Living Systems—Metabolism of Drugs: Partnership of Liver and Gut Microflora
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
An important example of a drug affected by gut microflora reductases is digoxin, a drug used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Reduction of lactone ring brings about the formation of cardioinactive metabolite, dihydrodigoxin (Fig. 6.22) (Lindenbaum et al., 1981). A specific intestinal bacteria Eubacterium lentum (or Eggerthella lenta) was found to be responsible for this reduction (Saha et al., 1983). Increased amount of amino acid arginine was shown to act inhibitory on the conversion of digoxin by E. lenta; thus high-protein diet has been proposed to prevent digoxin deactivation and lack of therapeutic effect (Haiser et al., 2014).
Novel resources recovery from anaerobic digestates: Current trends and future perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Paul Sebastian Selvaraj, Kalaiselvi Periasamy, Kathirvel Suganya, Kavitha Ramadass, Selvamurugan Muthusamy, Poornima Ramesh, Richard Bush, Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent, Thava Palanisami
Due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the AD digestate, the land application of AD digestate as manure is still in deliberation. Many of the biogas plant residues contain pathogenic bacteria viz., Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium kansasii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptomyces somaliensis, Streptococcus salivarius, Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Eggerthella lenta, Collinsella aerofaciens, Gordonia bronchialis (Zhao & Liu, 2019), in addition the spore formers like Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium tertium, and Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium parapurificum, Clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium baratii, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium sordellii, Clostridium subterminale (Neuhaus et al., 2015) were found in many AD digestate. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Enterococcus are removed in anaerobic digestion due to the high concentrations of organic acids at low pH, thermophiles temperature and VFA, Another most important group of microbes like Clostridium sp. was reported that having resistance to AD process and hard to remove (Ju et al., 2016; Stiborova et al., 2015). It was added into AD reactor through animals manure and other animal-based waste materials. Mostly the clostridial pathogens originate from the digestive system of the animals. Most of the Clostridium spp. are harmless and their H2 equilibration is essential for methane production in biogas plants. About 116 Clostridium spp. in 15 clusters were differentiated by Collins et al. (1994). However, Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile, C. chauvoie, C. botulinum, and B. anthracis are very pathogenic to human beings and animals. In Germany, the increasing number of AD plant cause a serious spread of clostridial pathogens to arable, and it possesses significant health issues (Neuhaus et al., 2015).