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Published in Heinz P. Bloch, Kenneth E. Bannister, Practical Lubrication for Industrial Facilities, 2020
Heinz P. Bloch, Kenneth E. Bannister
The final term to discuss here is inherent biodegradability. A product is considered inherently biodegradable if shown to degrade greater than 20%. However, unlike ready biodegradation tests, which run a specified 28 days, tests for inherent biodegradation have no defined test duration and are allowed to proceed as long as needed to achieve 20% degradation, or until it is clear that the product will never biodegrade to that extent. In the latter case, the product is then considered persistent. Evaluating a substance’s environmental toxicity (ecotoxicity) can involve examining its effect on growth, reproduction, behavior, or lethality in test organisms. In general, ecotoxicity is measured using aquatic organisms like fish, aquatic insects, and algae. The most common endpoint for expressing aquatic toxicity in the laboratory is the LC50, which is defined as the lethal concentration (LC) of a substance that produces death in 50% of the exposed organisms during a given period of time. Ecotoxicity data, properly developed, understood, and applied, are useful for evaluating the potential hazard of a material in the environment. Some of the most commonly used organisms for aquatic toxicity studies include rainbow trout, mysid shrimp, daphnids (water fleas), and green algae.
Hydrogen fuel supply chains for vehicular emissions mitigation: A feasibility assessment for North American freight transport sector
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2023
Sandun Wanniarachchi, Kasun Hewage, Chan Wirasinghe, Hirushie Karunathilake, Rehan Sadiq
ReCiPe Midpoint Method (version 1.12) in SimaPro software was used for the life cycle impact assessment of this study since it provides information on the environmental profile in a quantitative form in addition to being accurate compared to endpoint indicators (Scientific Applications International Corporation, 2006). This classifies and characterizes the environmental impacts at each life cycle stage of the vehicle under 18 different impact categories as follows: Climate change (GWP) (kg CO2 eq), Ozone depletion (OD) (kg CFC-11 eq), Terrestrial acidification (TAP) (kg SO2 eq), Freshwater eutrophication (FEPT) (kg P eq), Marine eutrophication (MEP) (kg N eq), Human toxicity (HTP) (kg 1,4-DB eq), Photochemical oxidant formation (POFP) (kg NMVOC), Particulate matter formation (PMF) (kg PM10 eq), Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TEPT) (kg 1,4-DB eq), Freshwater ecotoxicity (FEP) (kg 1,4-DB eq), Marine ecotoxicity (MEPT) (kg 1,4-DB eq), Ionizing radiation (IRP) (kBq U235 eq), Agricultural land occupation (ALO) (m2a), Urban land occupation (ULO) (m2a), Natural land transformation (NLT) (m2), Water depletion (WD) (m3), Metal depletion (MD) (kg Fe eq), Fossil depletion (FD) (kg oil eq).
Environmental impacts of steel ship hulls building and recycling by life cycle assessment (LCA)
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2021
Mehmet Önal, Gökdeniz Neşer, K. Turgut Gürsel
In this stage, it is aimed to identify and quantify environmental impacts of emissions arising from the inventory or resources consumed and caused by all inputs from, and outputs to, the environment calculated in the life cycle inventory phase and at aggregating them to a set of impact categories and specific indicators. In the analysis, the data evaluated with The CML-IA method (impact assessment method of the Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University) (Guinée et al. 2002) were used for the classification and characterisation stages. CML can be expressed as an impact assessment method which restricts quantitative modelling to early stages in the cause-effect chain to limit uncertainties. Results are grouped in midpoint categories according to common mechanisms (e.g. climate change) or commonly accepted groupings (e.g. ecotoxicity). CML has characterisation factors for more than 1700 different flows. The characterisation factors are updated when new knowledge on substance level is available. (Giama et al. 2018)The potential impact categories assessed were abiotic depletion (AD; kilograms of antimony equivalent [kg Sb eq]), acidification (AC; kg sulphur dioxide [SO2] eq), eutrophication (EP; kg phosphate [PO43−] eq), global warming (GW; kg carbon dioxide [CO2] eq), ozone layer depletion (ODP; kg trichlorofluoromethane [CFC-11] eq), human toxicity (HT; kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene [1,4-DB] eq), freshwater ecotoxicity (FE; kg1,4-DB eq), marine ecotoxicity (ME; kg 1,4-DB eq), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE; kg 1,4-DB eq) and photochemical oxidant formation (PO; kg 1,4-DB eq).
Novel production of biodispersant by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 in solid-state fermentation and application for oil spill bioremediation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Renata Andreia dos Santos, Dayana Montero Rodríguez, Isabela Natália da Silva Ferreira, Sérgio Mendonça de Almeida, Galba Maria de Campos Takaki, Marcos Antônio Barbosa de Lima
On the other hand, recent studies have demonstrated that the application of chemical dispersants in oil spills can significantly enhance the toxicity for marine biota by the release of crude oil water-soluble fractions (WSF) [72,73]. WSF consist of light, medium-weight and heavy hydrocarbons which cause toxic short- and longer- term effects on sediment and water biota [74]. Although theoretically WSF of dispersed oil by biodispersant must be less toxic than chemically dispersed oil, ecotoxicity studies of the WSF are needed to understand its effects to the aquatic environments after biodispersant treatment.