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Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Figure 9.51a shows the arterial supply to the lower limbs. The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries, usually at the level of L4. Each common iliac artery further divides into the internal iliac artery, which supplies the pelvis, and the external iliac artery, which continues down the leg to become the common femoral artery (CFA) once it crosses below the inguinal ligament. A few centimetres below the inguinal ligament the CFA divides into the profunda femoris (PFA) and superficial femoral (SFA) arteries. The PFA supplies the muscles of the thigh and the SFA continues to the knee. Just above the knee (at the adductor hiatus), SFA becomes the popliteal artery. Below the knee this artery trifurcates into the anterior tibial (AT), posterior tibial (PT) and peroneal arteries. The AT continues towards the foot to become the dorsalis pedis artery at the ankle, which supplies the dorsal aspect of the foot. The PT and peroneal often have an initial short common trunk (tibio-peroneal trunk). The PT gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar arteries that supply the plantar aspect of the foot. The peroneal artery supplies the lateral aspect of the lower leg. There is a corresponding system of veins draining blood back into the inferior vena cava and then to the heart (Fig. 9.51b).
Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The network of leg arteries ends in the ankle and foot (Figure 2.16). The anterior tibial artery of the leg feeds the dorsalis pedis artery of the foot. In a healthy person, the pulse at this artery can be found quite easily over the central portion of the navicular bone, presenting an accessible site to monitor heart rate. As the dorsalis pedis reaches the top of the forefoot it branches across to feed into each toe. The posterior tibial artery, coursing behind the medial malleolus, carries rich amounts of blood to the sole of the foot and toes. Blood from the foot drains through superficial veins into deep veins proximal to the ankle joint, to take advantage of the musculovenous pump of the calf (see Section 5.10.1). Research on the influence of high-heeled shoes on venous function in young women (Tedeschi Filho, Dezzotti, Joviliano, Moriya, & Piccinato, 2012) demonstrated impairment of the function of the musculovenous pump. There was decreased return of venous blood, proportional to heel height, from the lower leg and foot.
Cardiopulmonary signal acquisition from different regions using video imaging analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Ali Al-Naji, Javaan Chahl, Sang-Heon Lee
The cardiopulmonary signal was extracted from five regions where an arterial pulse can be revealed at a distance of approximately 0.5 m from the digital camera. The first region is a pulse in the wrist resulting from the radial artery. The second region is a pulse in the neck resulting from the carotid artery. The third region is a pulse in the arm resulting from the brachial artery. The fourth region is a pulse in the forehead resulting from the temporal artery. The last region is a pulse in the foot resulting from the dorsalis pedis artery. To extract the cardiopulmonary signal from the video data at the selected ROIs, two different analysis methods were proposed to detect arterial pulse motion, including intensity-based method and frame subtraction-based method.