China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fitness to Fly
Published in Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber, Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations, 2017
Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber
Fiber is the indigestible structural material found in plants and is highly desirable. A low fiber diet, which is almost always high in refined carbohydrates and fat often leads to constipation, diverticulosis (usually in the form of small sacs in the wall of the lower part of the colon which can become infected), and other disorders. Low fiber diets also encourage such unwanted effects as obesity and heart disease. A high fiber diet (including plenty of fruit, raw vegetables, grains, and cereals) provides desirable bulk without excess calories and minimizes the occurrence of the complications associated with a low fiber diet.
Association between Streptococcus gallolyticus and colorectal cancer in Mansoura University hospitals
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Heba E. Eldegla, Mohamed Abdel-Wahhab, Dalia Moemen
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by over 1014 bacteria, approximately 10-fold of the total number of cells in the human body [1]. Disruptions to the microbiome have been associated with severe pathologies of the host, including metabolic disease, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease [2,3]. The composition of the gut microbiota is determined and influenced by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors, such as geographic origin, age, genetics, diet, and the use of prebiotics and antibiotics [4,5]. Accumulating evidence suggests that gut bacteria play critical roles in maintaining human health in many aspects. For example, gut bacteria prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, regulate the gut development, maintain epithelial integrity by regulating tight junction permeability [6,7]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosis and second deadliest malignancy for both sexes combined. CRC has both strong environmental associations and genetic risk factors. The incidence of new cases and mortality has been steadily declining for the past years, except for younger adults (younger than 50 years), possibly related to an increase in cancer screening and better therapy modalities [8]. Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus), previously known as Streptococcus bovis, have been associated clinically with malignancy of the colon and rectum. The relationship between S. bovis and CRC was recognized in the 1950s and many case reports and retrospective studies on this association have been published since then. S. gallolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally resides asymptomatically in the human intestinal tract [9]. According to Dr. Parkin’s estimate, 17.8% of the worldwide cancer incidence is attributable to infectious agents, resulting in approximately 1.9 million cases per year [10]. These include a variety of infectious agent [9,11]. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including direct effects on host cell proliferation and communication pathways, impairment of host immune system, induction of genomic instability and chronic inflammation [12]. Chronic inflammation often accompanies increased host cell turnover, which increases the probability of mutagenic events, and enhanced formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that damage DNA and induce genomic instability [13,14]. It was found that 25 to 80% of patients with S. gallolyticus bacteremia and 18 to 62% of patients with S. gallolyticus endocarditis have underlying colorectal tumors [15]. S. gallolyticus was found to be mildly associated with some benign lesions (diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cecal volvulus, perirectal abscess hemorrhoids, and benign polyps), while it was strongly associated with most malignant diseases (cancer and neoplastic polyps) of the colon [16,17]. Therefore we set out this study to determine the prevalence of S. gallolyticus in colorectal cancer tissues of patients attending Gastrointestinal Surgery Center (GISC) for colonoscopy, determine the correlation with the endoscopic finding and identify risk factors for acquisition of S. gallolyticus.