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Natural Language Processing for Mental Disorders: An Overview
Published in Satya Ranjan Dash, Shantipriya Parida, Esaú Villatoro Tello, Biswaranjan Acharya, Ondřej Bojar, Natural Language Processing in Healthcare, 2022
Iacer Calixto, Victoria Yaneva, Raphael Moura Cardoso
We first lay out a few crucial definitions we use throughout this chapter. Psychiatric and behavioural disorders refer to conditions that negatively affect an individual's mood, cognition or behaviour, and impair social life as well as daily activities. Specifically, psychiatric disorders refer to conditions or syndromes that are thought to be the result of some brain dysfunction (e.g., schizophrenia, depressive disorder) and behavioural disorders (also known as psychological disorders) refer to conditions whose symptoms are primarily observed at the behavioural level (e.g., anorexia, addiction). However, this distinction is blurred because there is no clear-cut evidence of the causal role of the brain or genetic factors for some disorders, which does not mean that such factors do not contribute to the disorder's manifestation (Holmqvist 2013; Borsboom et al. 2019). An example of the difficulty of distinguishing between the two is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which is considered a developmental disorder of neural origin (American Psychiatric Association 2013), but is still often classified as a behavioural disorder. Since the scientific debate around these definitions and classifications remains outside of the scope of this chapter, we use the term mental disorders to refer to any psychiatric or psychological disorders, including neurodevelopmental disorders, and in Section 2.1 we discuss the specific list of conditions we investigate under this umbrella term.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
In older children, attention problems such as ADHD, reduced overall IQ, and other conditions including autism spectrum disorder and pervasive developmental disorder are more common in children who had higher levels of organophosphate or DDT/DDE exposure during pregnancy. Typically, statistically significant health effects are seen primarily in children with the highest 20%–25% of exposure. On the other hand, there are rarely unexposed control groups, which may result in underestimation of the risk of ADHD. Some studies of ADHD and autism associated with prenatal exposure have higher relative risks in the 6.0–7.0 range. Knapp528 studied 30-year-olds from a birth cohort in the United Kingdom and found that both males and females diagnosed with attention deficit at age 10 had “lower employment rates, worse jobs, lower earnings if employed, and lower expected earnings overall.” Children diagnosed with ADHD also have a much higher likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior as adults, with high attendant social costs.529 They also suffer earlier death than those without ADHD, perhaps (as found in a longitudinal cohort, now in midlife) because they start smoking at a younger age and are more likely to continue binge drinking as they age.530
Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
According to Shelton et al.290 California is the top agriculture-producing state in the nation, grossing $38 billion in revenue from farm crops in 2010.291 Each year, approximately 200 million pounds of active pesticide ingredients are applied throughout the state.292 While pesticides are thought by some to be so critical for the modern agricultural industry, certain commonly used pesticides have been associated with abnormal and impaired neurodevelopment in children.293–302 In addition, specific associations have been reported between agricultural pesticides and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)303 and the broader diagnostic category under which autism falls, the pervasive developmental disorder.304
A systematic review of online personalized systems for the autonomous learning of people with cognitive disabilities
Published in Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
In the third step, we selected only articles on neurodevelopmental disorders. We added to the search query related keywords of neurodevelopmental disorder as follows: (personalization OR adaptation OR accessibility) AND (e-learning systems OR technology enhanced learning OR special education OR assistive technology) AND (Asperger’s disorder OR autism spectrum disorder OR Rett’s disorder OR pervasive developmental disorder OR attention deficit hyperactivity disorder OR specific learning disorder OR reading disorder OR writing disorder OR calculation disorder OR dyslexia OR intellectual disability OR mental retardation OR communication disorders OR language disorder OR speech disorder OR social disorder). We then followed the same procedure of the first step. Finally, we performed a backward citation search by looking for papers cited in the review papers and that matched our inclusion criteria. The final list of relevant publications consisted of 36 articles.
Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Hyang Yeon Kim, Yong-Jae Lee, Sun Jae Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Suhkmann Kim, Mee Jung Ko, Ji-Woon Kim, Chan Young Shin, Kyu-Bong Kim
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a state of neurodevelopmental deterioration characterized by limited and repetitive behavioral patterns and defects in social communication and interaction, including autism, Asperger’s syndrome, pervasive developmen-tal disorder (PDD), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Baron-Cohen et al. 2009). As ASD is a serious behavioral disorder that occurs within 3 years after birth, early identification and intervention of ASD is one of the most important factors to improve the outcome of treatment in individuals affected by this disease (Dawson et al. 2012). However, early diagnosis of ASD is difficult; thus, many children miss the optimal time to start treatment. In the United States, the number of children with ASD has increased since 1992; more than 7-fold in 2010. Decades ago, the prevalence of ASD was one affected individual per 10,000 subjects, but this number is rising by 11–17% annually. In this regard, in 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed ASD a serious issue, and the scientific interest in ASD has evolved to major areas, including pedagogy, psychology, and neurobiological research (Kiseleva et al. 2020).
Cognitive model of phonological awareness focusing on errors and formation process through Shiritori
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2022
Jumpei Nishikawa, Junya Morita
Several clinical or educational studies in Japanese report that children mispronounce certain sounds. For example, it is reported that two- or three-year-old children tend to pronounce ‘r’ as ‘d.’ This mispronunciation error reduces by the time they reach the age of four or five [20]. On the other hand, there are cases of delay in such phonological discrimination. In the text of Japanese speech-language pathology, it has been reported that children who have a developmental disorder have difficulty in distinguishing a vowel and a vowel-consonant combination that holds the same vowel (e.g. ‘a’ and ‘ka’) [21].2