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Bladder Tissue Engineering
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
At the microscopic level the bladder is composed of the urothelium, the detrusor muscle (consisting of three layers of smooth (involuntary) muscle fibers: the external layer with fibers arranged longitudinally, the middle layer with fibers arranged circularly, and the internal layer with fibers arranged longitudinally), blood vessels, and nerves. The urothelium is a specialized transitional epithelium which serves as a barrier for urine. In contrast to other epithelia, it does not secret mucus. The urothelium is composed of three cell layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial cell layers (see Fig. 33.2a). Superficial cells (also known as umbrella cells) form a barrier against waste products excreted by the kidneys. These cells can stretch toward an elliptical shape when the bladder is filled (Fig. 33.2b). Basal cells are cylindrical or flat when the bladder is filled (Fig. 33.2c). Cells from the superficial cell layer are frequently exfoliated into the urine. Urothelial cells maintain a slow turnover rate but most of the urothelial cells are quiescent.2 However, after infection these cells become highly proliferative.3,4
Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Urological Disease Modeling and Repair
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Mohammad Moad, Emma L. Curry, Craig N. Robson, Rakesh Heer
Anatomically, the wall of the bladder consists of smooth muscular layers, called the detrusor muscle, which, functionally, allows for efficient bladder emptying and elasticity that permits low-pressure urine storage (Haab, 2001; Schick, 2008).
Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Sam Tilborghs, Stefan De Wachter
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a relatively new non-invasive technique to monitor the bladder. It is the only method currently available to investigate the effect of the bladder's microcirculation and can determine the influence of the detrusor muscle's hemodynamics and oxygenation on voiding function [224,225].