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Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications
Published in Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper, Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications, 2017
Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper
Artificial ducts are replacements for tubular organs. Polyurethanes have been used not only for cardiovascular catheters but for ureteral catheters as well.248 Urethral catheters are used to drain the bladder and can be for either short or long term use. They need to be flexible, and nonirritating to the urethral mucosa. There is a wide choice of different catheters, the polyurethanes being considered relatively stiff compared to the others that are available. It is well known that catheters in general cause problems and it is estimated that approximately 90% of patients with internal catheters suffer discomfort.249 Polyurethanes are no exception and are known to cause mild edema, epithelial erosion and ulcerations,248 and have been associated with encrustation, migration, and breakage.250 However, these results appeared to be associated with indwelling times greater than 6 weeks. Some polyurethane failures have been associated with obstruction.251
Toxicology of CERCLA Hazardous Substances
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
The kidneys are the body’s primary means for removing wastes from blood. As part of the urinary system, they filter blood as it passes through and release the waste as urine. Urine then flows to the urinary bladder by way of two tubes called ureters, one attached to each kidney. Urine stored in the bladder is released from the body through a tube called the urethra. Loss of kidney function is fatal unless kidney dialysis (artificial filtering of blood) or kidney transplant occurs.
Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The male urethra forms a common pathway for the flow of urine and the flow of semen from the male reproductive organs and is approximately 20 cm long. It extends from the internal urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder to the extremity of the penis. It passes through the prostate gland and then turns at an angle of 90° through the perineum and then passes downwards, surrounded by the structures of the body of the penis.
The transvaginal mesh: an overview of indications and contraindications for its use
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Alessandro Ferdinando Ruffolo, Marine Lallemant, Sophie Delplanque, Michel Cosson
Complications of MUS may vary from mild to severe and can be distinguished in intra-operative, early post-operative, and late post-operative. Intraoperative complications consist in perforation of the bladder or of the urethra, bowel, vascular, and vaginal injury. Among early post-operative complications, urinary retention, voiding dysfunction, groin pain and infection of the surgical site have been described. Delayed post-operative complications include de novo voiding dysfunction and movement of the mesh. Mesh may expose either in the vagina or in the urinary tract [23,24]. Bladder perforation, early- and long-term voiding dysfunction are more commonly reported with retropubic approach rather than the trans-obturator surgery [23,25]. Persistent groin or tight pain is another reported MUS complication, more commonly related to TOT approach [26].
Ease of restroom access influences fluid consumption habits and health in classroom teachers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Lee J. Winchester, Alison L. Hooper, Cailin J. Kerch
It was found that 64.3% of teachers report that they only use the restroom one or two times per workday. This appears to be a result of work responsibility, since 59.6% of respondents state that they go to the restroom zero times during periods of teaching responsibility. This is disconcerting since it is documented that the average female adult voids their bladder between 6.2 and 7.0 times per day (95% confidence interval [CI]) during waking hours [15]. Assuming that the average adult is awake for 16 h per day, this suggests that an individual should urinate approximately every 2.4 h they are awake. Based on our survey data, it appears that teachers are only using the restroom every 4–8 h, based on a standard 8-h workday. However, it has been determined that the average teacher actually spends 10 h 40 min per day working [16], suggesting that teachers may realistically only urinate approximately every 5.3 h or less during awake hours. Infrequent urination allows for bacterial proliferation within the urethra [17], elevating the risk of UTI. Indeed, this agrees with our findings that restroom accessibility and water intake are both inverse predictors of UTI frequency, with lower restroom accessibility and lower water intake corresponding to greater frequency of UTIs.
Development of a more clinically relevant bladder and urethral model for catheter testing
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Andrew Gammie, Roger Holmes, Hsing-Yu Chen, Andrew Conn, Nicola Morris, Marcus J. Drake
We have designed and tested the following components of a flexible bladder floor and urethral model. The catheter test rig comprised a silicone analogue of the bladder floor containing a moulded polymer simulation of the bladder base with an integral 65 mm length urethral model (Figure 1). The internal diameter chosen for the urethral component of the model is 6 mm – this is believed to be a good representation of clinical reality. The pelvic floor support is simulated using a silicone funnel, cut to allow the model bladder neck to pass through. The catheter under test was inserted through the model urethra and inflated, allowing it to sit in the model bladder floor (Figure 2). Static and impact loads were applied to a wire tied onto the catheter neck (Figure 3). The rationales for the detailed specifications are described in Table 2.