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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Study the structures of the heart in Figure 4.2. The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers. The upper chambers (atria) collect blood from the body on the R, and from the lungs on the L, emptying into the more muscular lower chambers (ventricles). The ventricles are connected to the pulmonary and the systemic circulation by major arteries. The pulmonary trunk, which branches into the R and L pulmonary arteries, leaves the R ventricle to carry blood to the lungs. The aorta (the primary artery of the systemic circulation) arises from the L ventricle. The coronary arteries (Figure 4.1), the first arteries to branch from the aorta, carry blood to the heart muscle. The aorta then ascends in the thorax, curls over the pulmonary trunk, and sends arteries to the arms and head. The curved section is called the aortic arch. When the aorta turns caudally (downward in the anatomical position) it is called the descending aorta. The aorta passes to the lower body through an opening in the diaphragm near the spine. The major veins entering the atria of the heart include the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and four pulmonary veins.
A modified method of computed fluid dynamics simulation in abdominal aorta and visceral arteries
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Yun Shi, Chen Peng, Junzhen Liu, Hongzhi Lan, Chong Li, Wang Qin, Tong Yuan, Yuanqing Kan, Shengzhang Wang, Weiguo Fu
The flow profile of the aorta from the CFD was slightly different from that of 4D flow MRI (Figure 11). In the upper plane at the time-point b, the flow profile of CFD seemed to conform to the parabolic velocity distribution while that of 4D flow MRI was more irregular. This discrepancy was due to the parabolic velocity BC imposed on the aortic inlet of CFD model. However, the flow profile in the upper plane inevitably affected by the proximal curved aortic arch and supra-aortic branches, was actually not parabolic, although the thoracic descending aorta was nearly straight. The true flow profile in the SC plane can only be mimicked by incorporating the proximal flow domain including the whole thoracic aorta and supra-aortic branches. Otherwise, the rigid aortic wall of CFD versus the elastic aortic wall of 4D flow MRI may also explain the discrepancy.
Analysis of the passive biomechanical behavior of a sheep-specific aortic artery in pulsatile flow conditions
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Claudio M. García–Herrera, Álvaro A. Cuevas, Diego J. Celentano, Álvaro Navarrete, Pedro Aranda, Emilio Herrera, Sergio Uribe
Measurements were made in three different axial positions in order to determine the change of diameter. These positions of measurement are identified by I, II, III in Figure 1. Then, the samples were cut along the longitudinal and circumferential directions in order to characterize the level of anisotropy of the material in the tensile test. The samples were cut with a” dog bone” shape in order to minimize the stress concentrator at the grip, and to ensure a homogeneous strain in the middle of the sample (García-Herrera et al. 2013). For a better mechanical characterization of the aortic response, the aorta was divided into five patches (encompassing the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta) from which the samples for the tensile test were obtained; see Figure 1.
Fluid–structure interaction simulation of aortic blood flow by ventricular beating: a preliminary model for blunt aortic injuries in vehicle crashes
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2020
Wei Wei, Cyril J.F. Kahn, Michel Behr
The validated heart-aorta model was integrated with the global human body models consortium (GHMBC) M50 model (V4.4; Elemance, Winston-Salem, USA). The GHBMC model has been widely validated against various impact scenarios and for different body parts [26]. The heart and aorta of GHBMC were simplified while blood flow could not be simulated. The original GHBMC heart-aorta was replaced with current FSI heart-aorta model (displayed in Figure 2A). Superior arteries of the aorta were elongated to attach to the clavicles by sharing common nodes. The descending aorta was connected to the GHBMC abdominal descending aorta by sharing common nodes. Surface-to-surface contacts were defined between the heart-aorta and the surrounding GHBMC components (i.e. lung, diaphragm, and spine). Tied contact was defined between the pulmonary arteries and the lung root to attach both components. Tied contacts were defined between the descending aorta and spine to model the subcostal artery and eight intercostal arteries (corresponding to the boundary constraints in Figure 1A).