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Essential Oils
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan, Mohd Musheer Altaf
Dermatophytosis is infections of skin, hair, scalp, and nails and is mainly caused by a group of fungi which are morphologically and physiologically similar and termed as dermatophytes such as Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., and Epidermophytonspp. These members can easily use keratin of subcutaneous layer of human skin as a nutrient source (Weitzman and Summerbell 1995). Approximately, 90% of cases of onychomycosis have been reported to be caused by these dermatophytes in the United States and Europe (Ellis et al. 1997) and prevalent in developing countries involving India (Kannan et al. 2006). In immunocompromised individual, Trichophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. can infest the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and can result in skin lesions leading to disseminated mycoses (Galhardo et al. 2004; Marconi et al. 2010).
Introduction
Published in Yuli Ekowati, Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments, 2019
Some fungal species, filamentous fungi or yeasts, are ubiquitous in swimming pools and have been associated with adverse health effects on humans (Hilmarsdottir et al., 2005; Jankowski et al., 2017; Kamihama et al., 1997). Fungal infections in humans are commonly transmitted by direct contact, person to person contact or contact with contaminated surfaces in swimming pool facilities (e.g. floors). The epidemiology of dermatophytes in swimming pool facilities has been studied since decades (English and Gibson, 1959; Gentles and Evans, 1973). Dermatophytes are commonly causing skin, hair and nail infections (tinea or ringworm). They include members of the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. Dermatophytes and their infections are the focus of most fungal-related publications in swimming pools (Detandt and Nolard, 1988, 1995; Hilmarsdottir et al., 2005; Kamihama et al., 1997; Shemer et al., 2016). In later years, more studies have been done focusing on the occurrence of (pathogenic) fungi in swimming pool facilities, dermatophytes and/or non-dermatophytes (Brandi et al., 2007; Buot et al., 2010; Jankowski et al., 2017; Papadopoulou et al., 2008; Viegas et al., 2011). Fungal species within the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Fusarium were frequently isolated from air, water and surfaces in swimming pool facilities (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2003; Brandi et al., 2007; Jankowski et al., 2017; Viegas et al., 2011). Similarly, yeasts species, such as members of the genera Candida, Rhodotorula, and Trichosporon, were frequently detected in water and on surfaces in swimming pool facilities.
Fungal burden exposure assessment in podiatry clinics from Ireland
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Carla Viegas, Ann Marie Coggins, Tiago Faria, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Anita Quintal Gomes, Raquel Sabino, Cristina Verissimo, Nigel Roberts, David Watterson, Claire MacGilchrist, Gerard T.A. Fleming
Superficial fungal infections are amongst the most common human infections (Havlickova et al. 2008). Dermatophytes, also known as the ringworm fungi, can cause infections of skin and nails. Their route of transmissions can either be through direct contact of the infected patient or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale (formerly identified as T. mentagrophytes) are the most common dermatophytes species isolated from toenails (Seebacher et al. 2008). Therefore, screening for the presence of dermatophytes in podiatric clinics is required to ensure that work procedures are strict enough to avoid spreading of such infections to other patients or to the podiatrist.
Nanometric Systems Containing Ozonated Oil with Potential Activity against Skin Pathogens
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
Kiany de Oliveira Firmino, Francielli Lima Dos Santos, Morgana Souza Marques, Bárbara Souza da Costa, Gabriela da Silva Collar, Juliana Caierão, Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria, Irene Clemes Külkamp Guerreiro, Renata Vidor Contri
The results of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the NE-OZ, NC-OZ and E-OZ applying fungal and bacterial isolates are described in Table 4. It is possible to observe that the nanometric systems and the unencapsulated oil (E-OZ) have shown antimicrobial activity for all the samples tested, which is probably related to the high peroxide value of the ozonated oil applied. The peroxide value is used to monitor the ozonization process as it increases with the increase in ozone dosage, and it is the most important property regarding antimicrobial efficacy of the ozonated oils (Skalska, Ledakowicz, Perkowski, Sencio 2009; Ugazio, Tullio, Binello, Tagliapietra, Dosio 2020). However, a higher antimicrobial activity was seen for the fungi (entries 1–16) compared to the bacteria (entries 17–20), because the MIC values were lower for the fungal than for the bacterial strains. Comparing several types of fungi, the activity was more promising for dermatophytes (entries 9–16) than for Candida spp. (entries 1–9), considering the lower MIC values. Dermatophytes can cause diseases called dermatophytosis, which can affect the skin, hair, nails and periungual folds, the external auditory canal or the mucous and skin-mucosal areas (Souza, et al. 2012). This type of fungal infection can cause discomfort and requires careful treatment because it can evolve into chronic inflammatory reaction in the dermis and epidermis (Luiza Ribeiro de Souza et al. 2012). Common superficial dermatophytosis is treated with topical formulations, with the therapeutic treatment being usually long and disciplined to obtain results (Luiza Ribeiro de Souza et al. 2012; Lengert, Talnikova, Tuchin, Svenskaya 2020).