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The Cause of Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Skeletal muscle constitutes about 40% of the total body weight in man (Heistad and Abboud 1974). Muscle is surrounded and penetrated by layers of fibrous, avascular connective tissue called deep fascia. At rest the total blood flow through muscle is about 1 1/min; strenuous exercise increases this flow up to 25 1/min. Blood flow to muscle is determined by arterial pressure and vascular resistance in muscle. Studies in animals have shown that muscle and subcutaneous tissue are more susceptible to pressure-induced injury than the epidermis (Daniel et al 1981). Harman (1948) demonstrated that muscle is extremely sensitive to ischemia and that degeneration begins after 4 h of ischemia. Muscle fibers degenerate after exposure to contact pressure of 60 to 70 mm Hg for 1 to 2 h (Kosiak 1959). Muscle has a high tensile strength because of its fibers but it has a poor tolerance for compression and angulation (Torrance 1983).
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The term fascia describes a loose and then denser connective tissue, which acts much like “glue” to hold different tissues together. The superficial loose layer attaches the base layer of the skin to deeper structures. Farther into the body, the superficial fascia transforms into deep fascia, which is dense and more organized. The deep fascia connects the superficial fascia to the fibrous coverings of other internal structures, including muscles. It creates divisions between functional groups of muscles, the intermuscular septa. It also surrounds individual muscles.
Comparison and convergence of compartment syndrome techniques: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Naveen Sharma, Nitin Mohan Sharma, Apurva Sharma, Sarfaraj Mirza
A compartment is generally referred to as a group of muscles, blood vessels, organs, bones, and nerve fibers held together by a thin but tough membrane known as the fascia. It not only holds the internal parts together but also acts as a protective layer [1]. The body contains three types of fascia: visceral fascia, superficial fascia, and deep fascia. The superficial fascia is located just beneath the skin in the outermost layer. Bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels are primarily associated with deep fascia. The connective tissue present within the deep fascia restricts the ability of its muscles to change form. The visceral fascia contains organs such as the heart, lungs, and abdomen that are located within cavities [1,2].