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Microfluidics Device for Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in Blood
Published in Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, A. B. P. Mishra, Advanced Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2022
Ashis K. Sen, Utsab Banerjee, Sachin K. Jain, Amal Nath, Aremanda Sudeepthi
The immunoaffinity-based technique is a label-based technique which can facilitate positive and negative isolation. In the case of positive separation, cells of interest are labeled and isolated. On the contrary, in the case of negative sorting, cells that are not of interest are labeled, detected, and isolated. CTCs express various cell surface markers compared to blood cells and, therefore, can be isolated from the circulatory cells. Explicitly, a CTC shows epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and cytokeratin (CK) to a variable extent, but not CD45, which is a differential marker for white blood cells (WBCs). These antibodies can be either immobilized on the walls of the microfluidics devices or can be conjugated to the magnetic nanoparticles for capturing CTCs. Depending on the detection and isolation, immunoaffinity-based technique can be further classified as immunofluorescence technique, surface adhesion-based techniques, or immunomagnetic technique. The first two techniques are discussed in this section, and the last method is covered under active techniques.
Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Cancer Bioimaging, Diagnostics and Therapy
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Bridget Crawford, Tuan Vo-Dinh
Our group has developed a sensitive nucleic acid detection method using sandwich hybridization of magnetic beads functionalized with capture probes, target sequences, and ultrabright SERS nanorattles functionalized with reporter probes [99]. Compared to previous sandwich hybridization-based nucleic acid detection methods using SERS gold and silver nanoparticles [100,101], our method utilizes SERS nanorattles with core-gap-shell structure, thus exhibiting ultrabright SERS signals and improving nucleic acid detection sensitivity. Most recently, we utilized the ultrabright SERS nanorattle-based sandwich assay for the development of a low-cost, resource efficient diagnostic as an alternative to standard histopathology to distinguish squamous cell carcinoma from other cell lines [102]. The assay was designed to detect the cytokeratin-14 (CK14) gene, an effective nucleic acid marker for head and neck SCC micrometastases in lymph nodes. In a blinded trial, we demonstrated that the presented method can accurately distinguish the presence of SCC cell lines from alternative cell lines with high sensitivity and specificity, supporting its potential use as a diagnostic tool in head and neck fine-needle aspirations.
Turning Blood into Liver
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Bryon E. Petersen, Neil D. Theise
Two lines of investigation have led to the recognition that oval cells can originate in extra-hepatic locations, including the bone marrow, and can enter the liver through the circulation. Based upon previous findings that oval cells express hematopoietic markers, we examined the possibility that another site of oval cell origins may exist outside the liver. We have recently demonstrated that bone marrow progenitor cells are capable of engrafting into the recipient liver. We demonstrated that adult rat male bone marrow contained a sub-population of cells capable of engraftment with differentiation to hepatocyte following 2 AAF/hepatic injury of adult female rat liver.2,3 Another line of investigation in human livers showed that progenitor cell proliferations were derived from cytokeratin 19 positive cells lining the canals of Hering (see below).20 However, as mentioned above, experimental models involving periportal injury demonstrated that, when the parenchymal zones containing the canals of Hering were obliterated, the proliferating oval cells were negative for cytokeratin 19.26,30 This discrepancy in data led investigators to explore the possibility that hepatocytes may be derived from an extra-hepatic source in mice, even in the absence of overt hepatic injury.18 Subsequent confirmations of these studies have been reported in other animal models as well as in humans.18,34,35,43
Design and development of raw clay-based formulations emulsions loaded with ascorbyl glucoside, in vitro evaluations on topical delivery and cell viability
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Jemima Daniela Shultz, Gislaine Ricci Leonardi, Silvana Raquel Alina Bertolino, Silvia Lucia Cuffini, Hana Mohd, Amanda Costa Caritá, Wanilson Luiz-Silva, Parinbhai Shah, Wilma Gladis Ticona Chambi, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
All the formulations showed retention of the active for SC and EP + D and a significant difference (p < 0.05) can be observed for the formulation F-W4 containing smectite. This result shows the retention of ascorbyl glucoside being significantly higher in EP + D for the formulation containing the smectite W4 than for the formulations containing kaolinite clays or no clay. The advance of have a vitamin C derivative as ascorbyl glucoside retained in the SC and or EP + D skin layers is the fact that this active can be easily hydrolyzed into ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and glucose by α-glucosidase enzyme, which naturally exists in cell membranes in the body, including skin. The conversion of ascorbyl glucoside is a continuous process, therefore, the supply of vitamin C is ensured in the skin layers. The scientific literature strongly supports the benefits of the utilization of vitamin C. In addition to its well-known antioxidant activity, vitamin C promotes the synthesis of collagen, prevents skin photo-aging and cell damage, is effective in the treatment of hyperpigmentation, and also increases the expression of cytokeratin.[13,33,43]
Epidermal stimulating factors-gelatin/polycaprolactone coaxial electrospun nanofiber: ideal nanoscale material for dermal substitute
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Li Yan, Haoyu Wang, Hui Xu, Rui Zheng, Zhengyu Shen
Several mediators play a critical role in the different stages of healing. For example, epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes healing in the wound area by stimulating the migration and proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts [9]. Hydrocortisone (HC) and ascorbic-2-phosphoric (Asc-2-P) have the capacity to promote keratinocyte growth. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) guide epithelial differentiation of stem cells. Petry introduced a combination protocol of the five bio-reagents for trans-differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the epidermal cell line, which showed significant upregulation of cytokeratin expression on two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture discs [10]. Their findings demonstrated that a combination of bio-reagents associated with skin wound healing can prove beneficial for skin regeneration. Incorporating growth factors into electrospun nanofiber scaffolds can increase the bioactivity of scaffolds by supplying suitable chemical or biological cues and increasing cellularisation. Therefore, we encapsulated EGF, HC, Asc-2-P, BMP-4 and ATRA, which were defined as epidermal stimulating (ES) factors, into gelatin/polycaprolactone (GT/PCL) electrospun nanofibers using coaxial electrospinning strategy to obtain ES-GT/PCL (Supplementary material Figure S1). ES-GT/PCL can induce mesenchymal epidermal transformation (Supplementary material Figure S2).
Atmospheric fine particulate matter and epithelial mesenchymal transition in pulmonary cells: state of the art and critical review of the in vitro studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Margaux Cochard, Frédéric Ledoux, Yann Landkocz
When EMT is initiated, cells lose interactions between themselves and changes in the expression of surface markers occur. Epithelial E-cadherin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), junction proteins, shift for mesenchymal N-cadherin, cadherin-11 (junction proteins) and specific integrins α5β1 and αVβ6 (Zeisberg and Neilson 2009). In type 2 EMT, epithelial cells lose their junctions with loss of E-cadherin, ZO-1, occludin and claudin. Cells transform into spindle-shaped fibroblasts by actin rearrangement and an elevated expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin. Mesenchymal ECM proteins production increases especially in type 2 EMT. In vitro, cells originating from type 2 EMT exhibit a stable phenotype upon removal of stimulus through the number of passage or time. Type 3 EMT does not produce fibroblast, whereas it uses the transition process for mobility, invasion and metastasis. Type 3 EMT involves more primitive markers as in stem cells, but also specific cancerous markers. Type 3 EMT induces a loss of epithelial junction, associated with expression of E-cadherin, ZO-1 and desmosome markers. The cytoskeleton is modified in type 3 EMT by an elevation of S100A4 production and decrease of cytokeratin production. In the end, cells have the ability to resist apoptotic stimuli (Zeisberg and Neilson 2009). EMT markers are further described in Table 1.