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Conducting Polymers for Neural Tissue Engineering
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Conducting Polymers, 2022
Zahra Allahyari, Shayan Gholizadeh, Hossein Derakhshankhah, Katayoun Derakhshandeh, Seyed Mohammad Amini, Hadi Samadian
Electrical stimulation for neural regeneration is the most widely used electrical cue in tissue engineering ever since its inception [15, 46]. This extended use is even more pronounced for neural tissue engineering and this can be attributed to the neurons being the most electrically excitable cells in the human body and the well-studied role of electrical signaling in the function, modulation, and regeneration of neurons and glial cells [47, 48]. Any artificial change in the electrical properties of neural cells can be referred to as neural electrical stimulation [2, 49]. Such change can lead to a wide range of changes in cell behavior and fate, including neural growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as changing the permeability of the cell membrane [49]. As a result of artificial electrical cues, nerve cell membranes can go through the normal stages of rest, depolarization, and repolarization and can restore the normal function of neural cells [2]. Among the tools that facilitate or provide the opportunity for electrical stimulation of neural tissue, conducting polymers have been favorite choices due to their superior electrical properties which can help either deliver an external electrical cue or can on their own serve to guide and engineer a proper neural regeneration [2, 9]. A brief description of these two applications is provided in the following sections.
Nanotechnological Strategies for Engineering Complex Tissues
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Tal Dvir, Brian P. Timko, Daniel S. Kohane, Robert Langer
The process of tissue growth and development requires a constant supply of instructive cues. Another promising application for nanoscale structures in tissue engineering is the incorporation of controlled release systems into scaffolds. Controlled delivery of bio-molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines in vitro or in vivo, is crucial in the support and enhancement of tissue morphogenesis, viability and functionality. Advances in nanotechnology provided the basis for fabrication of nanoparticulate delivery systems with large ratios of surface area to volume, rendering them very effective within the scaffold microenvironment. Examples of nanoparticles for controlled release of biomolecules include synthetic polymeric nanospheres, nanotubes, nanowires, liposomes and dendrimers (for a comprehensive review see ref. 79).
Emulating Biomechanical Environments in Microengineered Systems
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Jason Lee, Lei Mei, Daniel Chavarria, Aaron B. Baker
In the body, cells exist in a three-dimensional (3D) environment that applies a variety of dynamic and passive mechanical stimuli. Mechanical cues are very important for the hierarchical cells and tissues to maintain particular phenotypes and perform physiological functions. Local sensing of mechanical cues is converted to biochemical signals that results in regulation of cell motility through adhesion, spreading, and migration (Pelham and Wang 1997) modifying cell phenotype (Guilak et al. 2009) and function (Vogel and Sheetz 2006). Since mechanotransduction is present on all cells, mechanical changes that cells perceive from ECM may impair cellular processes, causing cellular dysfunction and diseases.
The role of conscientiousness and cue utilisation in the detection of phishing emails in controlled and naturalistic settings
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2023
Rohan Williams, Ben W. Morrison, Mark W. Wiggins, Piers Bayl-Smith
Cues are recognition-driven associations between a situation or event and situation-specific environmental features (Sturman et al. 2020; Wiggins, Crane, and Loveday 2018). Repeated exposure to cues reinforces them in long-term memory, which later enables rapid and non-conscious activation (Ericsson and Lehmann 1996; Klein 1993; Morrison, Wiggins, and Morrison 2018). Through this repeated exposure and cue acquisition, experts recognise patterns in a situation and understand quickly which cues are relevant and what action needs to be taken.