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A Knee Arthroscopy Training Tool Using Virtual Reality Techniques
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
The initial model of knee movement developed was an extension of the four bar link model used by O’Connor and Zavatsky.6 The four links in the model represented the two cruciate ligaments, assumed to always be under tension, and their two pairs of connection points, (see Figure 3). The two cruciate ligaments actually provide the limits to the flexion-extension movement of the knee, with the posterior cruciate ligament under maximum tension at full flexion, and the anterior cruciate ligament under maximum tension at full extension. The kinematic model used in the trainer# provides a similar action to O’Connor and Zavatsky’s model. However, it has been extended to enable the cruciate ligaments to undergo changes in tension, and includes the flexion-dependant, abduction-adduction limiting effects of the collateral ligaments.8
Fiber Enhancement
Published in Z. Yang, Finite Element Analysis for Biomedical Engineering Applications, 2019
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays a crucial role in the knee. It prevents the anterior tibial translation and bears about 90% of the anteriorly directed load applied to the tibia between the 30 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion. The ACL is the most injured ligament of the human body (Figure 9.14) [11,12], considering that it has been estimated that there are almost 100,000 cases in the United States every year [13]. A sound knowledge of stress and strain distributions within the ACL is indispensable for understanding the causes of ACL injuries, the consequences, and the ways to prevent such injuries from occurring. Finite element models can provide profound insights into the mechanical characteristics of the ACL, which are very difficult or even impossible to assess by experimentation. Many full three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of the ACL have been developed [14–19]. In this section, a 3D ACL with anisotropic material model was built in ANSYS190.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Tibial collateral ligament, origin of insertion is on the superior part of the medial condyle of the femur and distally inserts on the medial condyle of the head of the tibia. The fibers of this ligament represent three kinds of appearance: vertical, descendant oblique, and ascendant oblique. This ligament is in direct connection with the meniscus, and the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. Anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament lie within the joint capsule, but they are outside the joint cavity. Both cruciate ligaments are covered by the synovial membrane. Anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments are in direct insertion with the menisci and the femur bone. These dorsal ligaments are represented by Figure 3.19a and 3.19b.
Angle-specific torque profiles of concentric and eccentric thigh muscle strength 20 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
E. Tengman, L. Schelin, C. K. Häger
An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has a major impact on knee function both in the short (Ageberg, 2002; Lisee, et al., 2019; Palmieri-Smith et al., 2008) and in the long-term perspective, as it leads to thigh muscle weakness (Ageberg, 2002; Ageberg et al., 2007; Fink et al., 2001; Holm et al., 2010; Lisee, et al., 2019; Oiestad et al., 2010; Palmieri-Smith et al., 2008; Risberg et al., 2016; Tengman et al., 2014b). Although it may appear that much of the initial strength deficit is regained over the subsequent ~5 years following injury (Palmieri-Smith et al., 2008), several long-term studies report deficits in quadriceps strength more than 10 years later and ranging from 3.5% to 12% (Ageberg et al., 2007; Fink et al., 2001; Holm et al., 2010; Oiestad et al., 2010; Risberg et al., 2016; Tengman et al., 2014b). Since the nature and causes for these muscle weaknesses and how to deal with them with increasing age is still rather unexplored, further knowledge on long-term effects on thigh muscle strength is needed.
Arthrogenic muscle inhibition and return to sport after arthrofibrosis complicating anterior cruciate ligament surgery
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Marc Dauty, Pierre Menu, Olivier Mesland, Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
Each year, many patients have anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr), in order to return to sport (Mall et al., 2014; Rahr-Wagner & Lind, 2016). The process of post-operative recovery takes time to obtain a painless and movable knee which associates stability and strength recovery (Davies, McCarty, Provencher, & Manske, 2017; Dingenen & Gokeler, 2017). A medical follow-up is recommended to assess the recovery process in order to return to sport at the same level (Cavanaugh & Powers, 2017). A quadricipital strength deficit of 30% (Limb Symmetric Index (LSI) of 70%) between the operated and the non-operated side may allow the return to running (Rambaud, Ardern, Thoreux, Regnaux, & Edouard, 2018). A symmetrical strength of the quadriceps (LSI ≥ 90%) would be preferable to return to a competitive sport involving contacts and pivoting movements (Edwards et al., 2019).
Greater explosive quadriceps strength is associated with greater knee flexion at initial contact during landing in females
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Marc F. Norcross, Roy Almog, Yu-Lun Huang, Eunwook Chang, Kimberly S. Hannigan, Samuel T. Johnson
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries of the knee are common among individuals engaging in sports requiring rapid deceleration and change of direction with approximately 70% of these injuries occurring as a result of a non-contact mechanism of injury (Boden et al., 2010; Kobayashi et al., 2010). Though ACL injuries are problematic for both sexes, females have a significantly higher risk of ACL injury than males when participating in similar sports (Agel et al., 2005; Boden et al., 2010). ACL injuries are especially devastating for athletes because many of those injured will not return to pre-injury levels of competition (Ardern et al., 2011), and those that do are at an increased risk of sustaining a second ACL injury event (Paterno et al., 2014). Moreover, despite advances in surgical reconstructive techniques, it is overwhelmingly likely that ACL-injured athletes will experience numerous long-term consequences including early-onset knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitation (Lohmander et al., 2004). Therefore, identifying modifiable risk factors associated with ACL injury remains an important step for informing primary and secondary ACL injury prevention initiatives.