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Airborne Contagious Disease
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Control can focus on one or more of these factors. The control of most contagious disease today is centered on immunization (preventing susceptibility) and the use of antibiotics (killing the agent within the host, thereby preventing release of virulent organisms). Both immunization and antibiotics have dramatically decreased the incidence of many diseases. In fact, it is now considered that smallpox (a highly contagious airborne disease) has been eliminated from the world population entirely through intensive immunization programs (Henderson, 1976). Likewise, tuberculosis has been considered under control (at least in some parts of the world) because antibiotics effectively render tuberculosis patients noninfective. It is because antibiotics are so effective against most forms of tuberculosis that extensive transmission to health care workers has not occurred in clinics devoted to the care of tuberculosis patients. This is also one of the reasons why there is so much concern over the newly emergent multiply drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Edlin et al., 1992).
Battling counterfeit masks during the COVID-19 outbreak: quality inspection vs. blockchain adoption
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Bin Shen, Ming Cheng, Ciwei Dong, Yixuan Xiao
COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus can spread through close contact with an infected person with or without any symptoms. COVID-19 has been deemed as one of the most challenging respiratory diseases in the recent century. As of June 2021, more than 170 million people were infected and 3.7 million people were dead due to COVID-19 infection, posing a great risk to publich health (Ivanov 2020; Govindan, Mina, and Alavi 2020; Choi 2020a; Singh et al. 2021a). People who have a chronic disease can get severely ill from COVID-19, as it can potentially trigger other medical conditions. Moreover, COVID-19 is spreading rapidly with unexpected virus mutation. One single confirmed case could lead to hundred or thousand people infect. The super-spreaders could cause a high risk of social health in communities. Therefore, governments have to take responsive initiatives to slow and stop the spread of the virus (Choi 2020b; Kuenssberg 2021).
Forecasting the impact of epidemic outbreaks on the supply chain: modelling asymptomatic cases of the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Pradeep K. Jha, Suvadip Ghorai, Rakhi Jha, Rajul Datt, Gowrishankar Sulapu, Surya Prakash Singh
As shown in Figure 4, in the two-individual contagious disease epidemic model, infections exist in both individuals. There are mainly four different groups in the population: the susceptible, the exposed, the infected (symptomatic or asymptomatic), and the recovered. If cross-infection among these individuals occurs, any symptomatic or asymptomatic individual can infect healthy individuals. On the other hand, Figure 5 exhibits that, in the SC system, the flow shows similarity to the disease transmission process. In the SC, there are mainly four different sections: supply, production, demand, and transportation. If any cross-influence occurs, it affects supply and demand during the outbreak. The pandemic and post-pandemic situations of SC flow and their cross-influence of supply and demand are shown in Figure 5.
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in environmental substrates from three dairy farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Athini Ntloko, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Ezekiel Green
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by a consortium of closely-associated bacteria, referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or MTBC (Sharma et al. 2016). The classification of the bacterial strains within the complex has been made difficult due to taxonomic and nomenclature changes. However, Riojas et al. (2018) have recently suggested that the various MTBC strains within the complex should rather be described as variants of MTBC based on the genetic relatedness of these strains, which largely exceeds the respective species declination threshold. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ranked TB as one of the first ten global causes of death, with an estimated 10.4 million individuals falling ill with TB in 2016 alone, while about 1.7 million people, including 0.4 million individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) died of the disease. More than 95% of TB-associated deaths are recorded in low-income and middle-income countries, with China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa accounting for about 64% of the total death cases (WHO 2018).