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Imaging of the nasopharynx, face and neck
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o There are three pairs of bony conchae also called turbinates when including the mucosa in the nasal cavity: the superior, middle and inferior. The middle turbinates may be excessively pneumatized, called the concha bullosa. This may obstruct the ostiomeatal complex.
Evaluation of nasal function after endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenoma: a computational fluid dynamics study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Miao Lou, Luyao Zhang, Simin Wang, Ruiping Ma, Minjie Gong, Zhenzhen Hu, Jingbin Zhang, Yidan Shang, Zhenbo Tong, Guoxi Zheng, Ya Zhang
Over recent years, significant advances have been made in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) which can provide an accurate and non-invasive means of quantitative analysis of fluids, representing a popular method of the evaluation of nasal aerodynamics. Li et al. (2016) used CFD to study the influence of nasal septal perforation on functionality during inhalation and found that it not only caused airflow interference but also disrupted heating of the nasal cavity. Maza et al. (2019) found that nasal airflow patterns in patients with empty nose syndrome (ENS) following EEA were similar to those in non-EEA ENS patients, which were significantly different from those of EEA patients without the symptoms of ENS or healthy controls. Rhee et al. (2011) performed preoperative and postoperative CT scans of patients undergoing septoplasty and right inferior turbinate reduction (ITR) to establish three-dimensional models of nasal airways and virtual surgical models. Analysis by CFD suggests that virtual nasal surgery has considerable potential as a predictive tool, enabling surgeons to individualize the procedure using computer simulation techniques. Li et al. (2020) conducted a study on patients with nasal septum deviation (NSD) and found that the presence of concha bullosa on the non-deviated side of NSD patients resulted in more uniform air distribution between the bilateral nostrils. Moreddu et al. (2020) found that the nasal valve region plays a crucial role in warming the inhaled air of newborns. Lindemann et al. (2005) studied nasal airflow during inhalation after radical sinus surgery using numerical simulation and found that invasive sinus surgery resulted in decreased nasal air conditioning due to disturbed airflow patterns and decreased surface area relative to nasal volume. Moghadas et al. (2011) used computational modeling methods to study the effect of nasal septal deviation on nano/microparticle deposition in human nasal passages. The results demonstrated that, in addition to significant changes in airflow morphology, the deposition of nano and microparticles also changed significantly after nasal septoplasty or septal correction. Using a partial middle turbinectomy model, Zhao et al. (2014) found that although overall airflow and nasal obstruction had changed, no significant differences in flow rate, air flux distribution, or wall shear stress distribution were observed between the MTR and control models. In contrast, Dayal et al. (2016) observed significant impairment of nasal air conditioning after total middle turbinectomy and significant changes in local airflow distribution. Siu et al. conducted a CFD study to investigate the effect of different surgical techniques on nasal air conditioning under different environmental conditions (Siu et al. 2021). They found a reduced warming (or cooling) and humidification (or dehumidification) capacity under cooler temperatures in patients following inferior turbinate surgery. A literature review performed by Newsome et al. revealed that nasal surgeries inflicted some changes to the nasal mucosa and geometry that may result in decreased heating and humidification (Newsome et al. 2019).